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A group of Macedonian Jewish youth, members of a band, pose with their instruments on a makeshift stage in Bitola. September 18, 1930.
Group portrait of children holding their diplomas at a school in Bitola. Between 1925 and 1938.
Jews from Bulgarian-occupied Macedonia who were rounded up and assembled at the Tobacco Monopoly transit camp in Skopje before deportation to the Treblinka killing center. Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 1943. The Jews of Bulgarian-occupied Thrace and Macedonia were deported in March 1943. On March 11, 1943, over 7,000 Macedonian Jews from Skopje, Bitola, and Stip were rounded up and assembled at the Tobacco Monopoly in Skopje, whose several buildings had been hastily converted into a transit camp. The…
Jews load a barrel of water onto a deportation train in Skopje. In March 1943, Jews of Macedonia were rounded up and assembled at the Tobacco Monopoly in Skopje, where several building had been converted into a transit camp. Bulgarian occupation authorities deported them by train to the Treblinka killing center. Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 1943.
Jews from Bulgarian-occupied Macedonia interned at the "Monopol" tobacco factory, used as a transit camp, before deportation to the Treblinka killing center. Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 1943.
A family of Macedonian Jews carries their luggage down a flight of stairs as they leave the Tobacco Monopoly transit camp for the deportation trains. Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 1943.
Macedonian Jews leave the Tobacco Monopoly transit camp in Skopje for the deportation trains. Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 1943. The Jews of Bulgarian-occupied Thrace and Macedonia were deported in March 1943. On March 11, 1943, over 7,000 Macedonian Jews from Skopje, Bitola, and Stip were rounded up and assembled at the Tobacco Monopoly in Skopje, whose several buildings had been hastily converted into a transit camp. The Macedonian Jews were kept there between eleven and eighteen days, before being…
A family of Macedonian Jews in the Tobacco Monopoly transit camp in Skopje before deportation. Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 1943. The Jews of Bulgarian-occupied Thrace and Macedonia were deported in March 1943. On March 11, 1943, over 7,000 Macedonian Jews from Skopje, Bitola, and Stip were rounded up and assembled at the Tobacco Monopoly in Skopje, whose several buildings had been hastily converted into a transit camp. The Macedonian Jews were kept there between eleven and eighteen days,…
Group portrait of children dressed in Purim costumes. Danzig, 1930-1939.
Purim portrait of a kindergarten class at the Reali Hebrew gymnasium. Kovno, Lithuania, March 5, 1939.
Alice and Heinrich Muller pose for a photograph while in costume for the Purim holiday. Hlohovec, Czechoslovakia, ca. 1934–35.
Group portrait of students at the Beis Yaakov religious school for girls dressed in costumes to celebrate the holiday of Purim. Kolbuszowa, Poland, March 1938.
Tom (left) and Wolf Stein (right), dressed in Turkish-style costumes, attend a party celebrating the Jewish holiday of Purim. Hamburg, Germany, 1936.
Members of the Chug Ivri (Hebrew Club) in Berlin celebrate Purim with food and song. On the wall is an advertisement for Juedische Rundschau, the newspaper of the German Zionist movement. Berlin, Germany, 1935.
Members of Chug Ivri (Hebrew Club) of Berlin celebrate Purim. While the man in the tallis (prayer shawl) chants the story of Purim from the scroll, a young boy stands ready to use his grogger (noisemaker) to drown out the recitation of the name of Haman, the villain of the story. Berlin, Germany, 1935.
Members of the Chug Ivri (Hebrew Club) in Berlin enjoy a festive meal in celebration of Purim. Berlin, Germany, 1935.
The footbridge over Zgierska Street that joined the two parts of the Lodz ghetto. The street itself was not part of the ghetto. Leon Jakubowicz's model of the Lodz ghetto recreates, on a small scale, the physical appearance of the ghetto, creating the shape of the model to mimic the exact boundaries, streets, and buildings that had a major impact on daily life in the ghetto. Lodz, Poland, ca. 1941. During the Holocaust, the creation of ghettos was a key step in the Nazi process of brutally separating,…
Sophie's parents, Daniel and Laura Schwarzwald, pictured on a beach in Zaleszczyki, Poland, shortly after they were married. Poland, 1935.
Selma Schwarzwald with her mother, Laura, in Lvov, Poland, September 1938.
Document issued by the Regional Agricultural Mercantile Cooperative in Busko-Zdroj certifying that Bronislawa Tymejko (the false identity of Sophie Schwarzwald's mother, Laura Schwarzwald) was employed by the cooperative, dated November 1942.
Selma Schwarzwald poses outside while wearing her first communion dress. Selma lived in hiding as a Polish Catholic during the war. Busko-Zdroj, Poland, 1945.
At some point after the war, Sophie received this small stuffed bear (about three inches high) as a present from her mother. She named it “Refugee,” just like she and her mother were refugees of the war.
A replica of "Refugee" bear and a photo of a Darfurian child refugee, items taken by Commander Mark Polansky (pictured) on a December 2006 Space Shuttle mission.
Dr. Sophie Turner-Zaretsky, Space Shuttle Discovery Commander Mark Polansky, and United States Holocaust Memorial Museum chief of staff Bill Parsons. They are holding a replica of "Refugee" bear and a photo of a Darfurian child refugee, items taken by Commander Polansky on a December 2006 Space Shuttle mission.
Group portrait of the members of the Zionist pioneer youth group, Ha-Shomer ha-Tsa'ir Hachshara. Kalisz, Poland, May 1, 1935.
A soccer team of the Jewish sports club, Ha-koach (The Strength). Kalisz, Poland, ca. 1933.
American judges (top row, seated) during the Doctors Trial, case #1 of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings. Presiding Judge Walter B. Beals is seated second from the left. Nuremberg, Germany, December 9, 1946–August 20, 1947.
The prosecution team during the Doctors' Trial. Nuremberg, Germany, December 9, 1946-August 20, 1947.
Alexander G. Hardy, associate counsel for the prosecution, during the Doctors Trial. Nuremberg, Germany, December 9, 1946-August 20, 1947.
Chief Prosecutor James M. McHaney during the Doctors' Trial. Nuremberg, Germany, December 9, 1946-August 20, 1947.
Clandestine photograph of a Polish political prisoner and medical experiment victim in the Ravensbrück concentration camp. Prisoners in the Ravensbrück concentration camp took several clandestine photographs as evidence of the medical experiments conducted on them. The camp was the site of bone-grafting experiments and experiments to test newly developed sulfa drugs.Pictured here, Bogumila Jasuik was chosen as one of the 74 "rabbits" for medical experimentation. German doctors experimented…
Professor Raphael Lemkin, left, and Ricardo Alfaro of Panama (chairman of the Assembly's Legal Committee) in conversation before the plenary meeting of the General Assembly at which the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide was approved.
Raphael Lemkin (right) with Ambassador Amado of Brazil (left) before a plenary session of the General Assembly at which the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide was approved. Palais de Chaillot, Paris, December 11, 1948.
Representatives of four states who ratified the Genocide Convention on October 14, 1950. Seated from left to right: Dr. John P. Chang (Korea), Dr. Jean Price-Mars (Haiti), Assembly President Amb. Nasrollah Entezam (Iran), Amb. Jean Chauvel (France), Mr. Ruben Esquivel de la Guardia (Costa Rica), (standing, left to right) Dr. Ivan Kerno (Asst. Secretary General for Legal Affairs), Mr. Trygve Lie (Secretary-General of U.N.), Mr. Manuel A. Fournier Acuna (Costa Rica), and Dr. Raphael Lemkin (crusader for the…
Panel from the exhibition A Dangerous Lie: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion which was on display at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum from 2006–18. The exhibition explored the continuing impact of the most widely distributed antisemitic publication of modern times.
The Secrets of the Wise Men of Zion is the first documented version of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion published outside of Russia. Published in Charlottenburg, Germany, 1920.
Like many editions of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion published in the 1920s, this French-language version charges that Jews are a foreign and dangerous influence. Published in Paris, 1920.
Cover of The Jewish Peril: The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, published in London, 1920. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is the most notorious and widely distributed antisemitic publication of modern times. Its lies about Jews, which have been repeatedly discredited, continue to circulate today, especially on the Internet.
The International Jew, based largely on the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, sold more than 500,000 copies and was translated into at least 16 languages. Published in Dearborn, Michigan, United States, 1920.
By 1922, The International Jew was already in its 21st printing in Germany. The edition shown here was published in Leipzig in 1922.
New York Herald reporter Herman Bernstein declared the Protocols “a cruel and terrible lie invented for the purpose of defaming the entire Jewish people.” Published in New York, 1921, reprinted 1928.
Alfred Rosenberg's 1923 commentary on the Protocols reinforced Nazi anti-Jewish ideology. This is the fourth edition. Published in Munich, 1933.
King Faisal of Saudi Arabia regularly presented copies of this edition of the Protocols to state visitors during the early 1970s. Published in Karachi, Pakistan, 1969. Courtesy of Hassan Mneimneh.
This Arabic translation of the Protocols by Ajaj Nuwayid also has appeared on a website sponsored by the Palestinian State Information Service. Published in Beirut, Lebanon, 1996.
This 2005 Syrian edition of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion claims that the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, were orchestrated by a Zionist conspiracy. The final chapter predicts the eventual destruction of the State of Israel. Published in Damascus, Syria, 2005. Gift of the Embassy of Israel.
Exterior view of the ORT (Organization for Rehabilitation through Training) supply and transport building in the Foehrenwald displaced persons camp. Foehrenwald, Germany, 1953. This slide was taken by David Rosenstein during his inspection tour of the camp. After his return from the inspection tour in 1953, he briefed Congress on the plight of the remaining Jewish displaced persons in Europe and their inability to find permanent homes, nine years after the end of the war.
Former quarters of the German army converted into displaced persons housing. Bergen-Belsen, Germany, May 1945.
The exterior of a building in the Bergen-Belsen displaced persons camp in Germany. Photograph taken in 1945.
The International Military Tribunal was a court convened jointly by the victorious Allied governments. Here the Soviet, British, American, and French flags hang behind the judges' bench.
The remodeled courtroom at Nuremberg, site of the International Military Tribunal. Germany, November 15-20, 1945.
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