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  • Exhibition about the Protocols of the Elders of Zion

    Photo

    An exhibition at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum demonstrated how the Nazis used the Protocols of the Elders of Zion to spread hatred of Jews. Washington, D.C., 2006-2018.

    Exhibition about the Protocols of the Elders of Zion
  • Assembly point in the Warsaw ghetto

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    An assembly point (the Umschlagplatz) in the Warsaw ghetto for Jews rounded up for deportation. Warsaw, Poland, 1942–43.

    Assembly point in the Warsaw ghetto
  • Young girls pose in a yard in the town of Ejszyszki (Eishyshok)

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    A group of young girls poses in a yard in the town of Ejszyszki (Eishyshok). The Jews of this shtetl were murdered by the Einsatzgruppen on September 21, 1941. Photo taken before September 1941.

    Young girls pose in a yard in the town of Ejszyszki (Eishyshok)
  • Helena Husserlova with her daughter, Zdenka

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    In this portrait, Helena Husserlova, wearing a Jewish badge, poses with her daughter Zdenka who is holding a teddy bear. The photograph was taken shortly before they were deported to Theresienstadt. Zdenka was born in Prague on February 6, 1939. On October 10, 1941, when Zdenka was just two and a half years old, her father was deported to the Lodz ghetto. He died there almost a year later, on September 23, 1942. Following his deportation, Helena and Zdenka returned to Helena's hometown to live with…

    Helena Husserlova with her daughter, Zdenka
  • Child survivors of Auschwitz

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    This photograph is a still from Soviet film footage of the liberation of Auschwitz. The film was made by the film unit of the First Ukrainian Front. Relief workers and Soviet soldiers lead child survivors of Auschwitz through a narrow passage between two barbed-wire fences. Standing next to the nurse and behind them (wearing white hats) are two sets of twin sisters. During the camp's years of operation, many children in Auschwitz were subjected to medical experiments by Nazi physician Josef Mengele.

    Child survivors of Auschwitz
  • Members of the Danishevska family

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    Prewar family portrait of members of the Danishevska family in Vilna, Lithuania, 1926–27. None of those pictured here survived the Holocaust. 

    Tags: Lithuania
    Members of the Danishevska family
  • Klara Taussig and Ernst Brecher on an outing in the Austrian countryside

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    Klara Taussig and Ernst Brecher go on an outing in the Austrian countryside before their marriage. They later had a son, Heinz, who was born on August 29, 1932 in Graz, Austria. where his father was a merchant. After the Germans annexed Austria in 1938, Klara and Ernst sent Heinz to live with friends of an aunt in Zagreb. Heinz survived and eventually came to the United States on the Henry Gibbins, a military troop transport. Klara and Ernst died in the concentration camps.  Photograph taken…

    Tags: Austria
    Klara Taussig and Ernst Brecher on an outing in the Austrian countryside
  • Frank Liebermann has a conversation with his teddy bear

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    Holocaust survivor Frank Liebermann has a conversation with his teddy bear. Germany, 1933–35. On Frank Liebermann’s first day of school in Gleiwitz, Germany, in 1935, he reported to one of the few small classrooms set aside for Jews. After school, he rushed home to avoid antisemitic attacks. In 1936, it got worse. Anti-Jewish laws now banned Frank from playgrounds and swimming pools. The family decided it was time to leave and applied for US visas. They were lucky. In October 1938, the…

    Frank Liebermann has a conversation with his teddy bear
  • Villiam Krausz sits with a doll and a teddy bear shortly before the family went into hiding

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    Benjamin Kedar (born Villiam Krausz) sits with a doll and a teddy bear shortly before his family went into hiding. Villiam's parents married in Prague and settled in Nitra, Slovakia. They worked as physicians. They had a daughter, Helen, in 1934, and Villiam in 1938. In 1942 the family relocated to a nearby village until September 1944. At that point, they went into hiding with Slovak peasants to avoid deportation to Auschwitz. Villiam, his sister, and his parents survived the…

    Villiam Krausz sits with a doll and a teddy bear shortly before the family went into hiding
  • Photograph of Robert Coopman

    Photo

    Robert Coopman was born in the Netherlands in September 1940.  This 1941 photograph shows Robert holding a telephone while sitting next to a teddy bear. He and his parents lived in Amsterdam where his father was a salesman and bookkeeper.  In July 1942, fearing for their safety, Robert's parents placed him in hiding with the Viejou family in Naarden.  He was less than two years old. He lived as a member of the household until August 1944, when a neighbor betrayed them. Robert was …

    Photograph of Robert Coopman
  • Trench warfare on the western front during World War I

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    Trench warfare is one of the iconic symbols of World War I. This photograph shows British troops carrying boards over a support line trench at night during fighting on the western front. Cambrai, France, January 12, 1917.

    Tags: World War I
    Trench warfare on the western front during World War I
  • Herta Oberheuser

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    Herta Oberheuser was a physician at the Ravensbrück concentration camp. She performed medical experiments. She was found guilty of performing sulfanilamide experiments, bone, muscle, and nerve regeneration and bone transplantation experiments on humans, as well as of sterilizing prisoners.  This portrait of Herta Oberheuser was taken when she was a defendant in the Medical Case Trial at Nuremberg.

    Herta Oberheuser
  • Honoring Oskar Schindler

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    Oskar Schindler plants a tree on the Avenue of the Righteous Among the Nations at Yad Vashem. The Righteous Among the Nations are non-Jewish invididuals who have been honored by Yad Vashem, Israel's Holocaust memorial, for risking their lives to aid Jews during the Holocaust.

    Honoring Oskar Schindler
  • SS officer Theodor Eicke visits the Lichtenburg camp

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    Scene during a visit by SS officer Theodor Eicke to the Lichtenburg camp in March 1936. Lichtenburg was one of the first concentration camps established in Germany were established soon after Hitler's appointment as chancellor in January 1933.  When SS chief leader Heinrich Himmler centralized the administration of the concentration camps and formalized the camp system, he chose SS Lieutenant General Theodor Eicke for the task. Himmler appointed him Inspector of Concentration Camps, a new section of the…

    SS officer Theodor Eicke visits the Lichtenburg camp
  • Charred remains of victims at Maly Trostinets

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    View of the charred remains of Jewish victims burned by the Germans near the Maly Trostinets concentration camp.  Photograph taken ca. 1944.  In the fall of 1943, the Germans destroyed the Minsk ghetto. The SS deported some Jews from Minsk to the Sobibor killing center, and killed about 4,000 remaining Jews at Maly Trostinets.

    Tags: Minsk
    Charred remains of victims at Maly Trostinets
  • Slide about Lebensraum from a Hitler Youth educational presentation

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    25th Nazi propaganda slide for a Hitler Youth educational presentation in the mid-1930s. The presentation was entitled "5000 years of German Culture." This slide references Lebensraum (the need for living space) in German history:  "Wachsende Volkszahl im fargen Nordland zwang neuen Lebensraum zu suchen. Das innerlich morsche Römerreich bricht im Ansturm der Germanen zusammen." Translated as:  "Growing numbers of people in Nordland were forced to look for a new habitat. The inwardly…

    Slide about Lebensraum from a Hitler Youth educational presentation
  • Mugshot of Colonel Joachim Peiper

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    Mugshot of Colonel Joachim Peiper, defendant in the Malmedy atrocity trial. He was sentenced to death by hanging. Photograph taken ca. 1946. 

    Mugshot of Colonel Joachim Peiper
  • Malmedy Massacre

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    Bodies of US soldiers killed by Waffen SS troops during the Malmedy Massacre on December 17, 1944. Photograph taken in January 1945. 

    Tags: Malmedy
    Malmedy Massacre
  • Prewar family photograph in Zhetel

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    Shlamke and Shanke Minuskin pose with their baby son, Henikel, in the garden of their home. Zhetel, Poland, 1938.  

    Prewar family photograph in Zhetel
  • Refugees leave Warsaw

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    Civilians flee Warsaw following the German invasion of Poland. Hundreds of thousands of both Jewish refugees and non-Jewish refugees fled the advancing German army into eastern Poland, hoping that the Polish army would halt the German advance in the west. Many of the refugees fled without a specific destination in mind. They traveled on foot or by any available transport—cars, bicycles, carts, or trucks—clogging roads to the east. Most took only what they could carry.

    Refugees leave Warsaw
  • Zsofi Brunn (back row, center) poses with the orphans under her care

    Photo

    Zsofi Brunn and members of her family were deported from Hungary to Auschwitz-Birkenau in June 1944. Her husband and mother were killed upon arrival. Zsofi and her daughter Anna were transferred to a labor camp in Czechosovakia. They were eventually liberated by Soviet forces in May 1945. Zsofi and Anna returned to Hungary. They moved to Rakosszentmihaly, near Budapest. There, Anna finished high school, and Zsofi directed a Jewish orphanage. This photo shows Zsofi (back row, center) posing with the…

    Zsofi Brunn (back row, center) poses with the orphans under her care
  • Henry Morgenthau, Jr., testifies in support of Lend-Lease

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    Henry Morgenthau, Jr.,  testifies before the Senate Foreign Relations Commission in support of the Lend-Lease bill to aid Britain. Morgenthau was secretary of the treasury under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Lend-Lease was the name of the US policy of extending material aid to the Allies before and after the United States entered World War II.

    Henry Morgenthau, Jr., testifies in support of Lend-Lease
  • Frieda Belinfante

    Photo

    “For three months I was disguised as a man, and very successfully… I passed my mother several times … she never recognized me.” Frieda Belinfante, a half-Jewish lesbian, used this disguise to hide from Nazi authorities. In a later interview she said, “I really looked pretty good.” Her involvement in the resistance movement included planning the destruction of the Amsterdam Population Registry in March 1943, falsifying identity cards, and arranging hiding places for those who were sought by…

    Frieda Belinfante
  • Arriving in New York

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    Children aboard the President Harding look at the Statue of Liberty as they pull into New York harbor. They were brought to the United States by Gilbert and Eleanor Kraus. New York, United States, June 1939.

    Arriving in New York
  • Fascist rally in prewar Italy

    Photo

    Aerial photograph of a Fascist rally in Merano, Italy, 1935–37.  

    Tags: Italy
    Fascist rally in prewar Italy

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