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Joseph Goebbels (standing) testifies for the state during the Reichstag Fire Trial before the Supreme Court. Leipzig Germany, 1933.
Battalions of Nazi street fighters salute Adolf Hitler during an SA parade through Dortmund. Germany, 1933.
Arrival of political prisoners at the Oranienburg concentration camp. Oranienburg, Germany, 1933.
Social Democratic political prisoners in the Duerrgoy concentration camp near Breslau. Seated in the center is Paul Loebe, a leading Socialist and former president of the German parliament. Duerrgoy camp, Germany, August 4, 1933.
Many of the early concentration camps were improvised. Here, roll call is held for political prisoners aboard a ship used as a floating concentration camp. Ochstumsand camp, near Bremen, Germany, 1933 or 1934.
The cover of a Nazi publication on race, Neues Volk (New People), portrays motherhood with this ideal image of an "Aryan" mother and child. Germany, September 1937.
Women were included in preparations for national defense even before the war. Here, some German women form a unit of the civilian Air Defense League. Germany, November 15, 1936.
Members of the Nazi girls' organization, the League of German Girls (BDM), do a group exercise. Dresden, Germany, December 1936.
Nazi policy encouraged racially "acceptable" couples to have as many children as possible. Because of the number of children in this Nazi Party official's family, the mother earned the "Mother's Cross." Germany, date uncertain.
A parade of young Austrian women, members of the Nazi youth organization the League of German Girls (Bund Deutscher Maedel). Graz, Austria, February 20, 1938. The Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls were the primary tools that the Nazis used to shape the beliefs, thinking and actions of German youth.
A work corps of German women marches to the fields. Beginning in 1939, many thousands of German women between the ages of 17 and 25 worked on farms as part of a national labor service program. Germany, wartime.
Catholic clergy and Nazi officials, including Joseph Goebbels (far right) and Wilhelm Frick (second from right), give the Nazi salute. Germany, date uncertain.
Martin Niemöller, a German theologian and pastor, on a visit to the United States after the war. A leader of the anti-Nazi Confessing Church, he spent the last seven years of Nazi rule in concentration camps. United States, October 4, 1946.
Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German Protestant theologian who was executed in the Flossenbürg concentration camp on April 9, 1945. Germany, date uncertain.
In the auditorium of the Propaganda Ministry and Public Enlightenment, Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels delivers a speech to his deputies for the press and arts. Berlin, Germany, November 1936.
Germans crowd around a truck filled with "un-German" books, confiscated from the library of the Institute for Sexual Science, for burning by the Nazis. The books were publically burned at Berlin's Opernplatz (Opera Square). Berlin, Germany, May 10, 1933.
Across Germany, students took books by truck, furniture van, even oxcart, and heaped them into pyres on public squares. This image shows members of the SA and students from the University of Frankfurt with oxen pulling manure carts loaded with books deemed "un-German." Frankfurt am Main, Germany, May 10, 1933.
Public burning of "un-German" books in the Opernplatz (Opera Square). Berlin, Germany, May 10, 1933.
At Berlin's Opernplatz, crowds of German students and members of the SA gather for the burning of books deemed "un-German." Berlin, Germany, May 10, 1933.
Russian-born Jewish artist Marc Chagall with his daughter, Ida. The Nazis declared Chagall's work "degenerate." After the fall of France, where he had been living, Chagall fled to the United States. United States, 1942.
Georg Grosz, a Communist satirical artist and painter, seen here in his studio in Berlin. He fled Germany shortly before the Nazi rise to power in 1933 and was one of the first to be stripped of his German citizenship by the Nazis. Berlin, Germany, 1929.
Display from "Der ewige Jude" (The Eternal Jew), a Nazi antisemitic exhibit which claimed that Jews heavily dominated the German performing arts. A phrase at the top of the display states "Shameless Entertainment." Berlin, Germany, November 11, 1938.
Xaver Franz Stuetzinger, a member of the Communist Party of Germany, was tortured by the SS at the Dachau concentration camp. He died in May 1935 without divulging his connections. Germany, before May 1935.
Ernst Thaelmann, leader of the German Communist Party, was detained during a mass arrest of Communists following the fire that virtually destroyed the Reichstag (German parliament) building. Germany, date uncertain.
Ludwig Beck, one time chief of the Army General Staff. After his resignation in 1938, Beck became the center of the military resistance to Hitler. He was executed in 1944 for his role in the July 1944 attempt to kill Hitler. Germany, date uncertain.
Carl Goerdeler, former mayor of Leipzig and a leader of the July 1944 conspiracy to kill Hitler, stands trial before the People's Court in Berlin. He was condemned and executed at Ploetzensee prison on February 2, 1945. Berlin, Germany, 1944.
Eugen Bolz, a member of the Catholic opposition to Hitler, during his trial before the People's Court. He was arrested following the attempt to kill Hitler in July 1944 and was executed at Berlin's Ploetzensee prison on January 23, 1945.
Carl Heinrich Langbehn was an attorney who was slated for a possible cabinet seat had the July 1944 attempt on Hitler's life succeeded. He is pictured here on trial before the People's Court in Berlin. Langbehn was executed in the Ploetzensee prison on October 12, 1944.
Roland Freisler (center), president of the Volk Court (People's Court), gives the Nazi salute at the trial of conspirators in the July 1944 plot to kill Hitler. Under Freisler's leadership, the court condemned thousands of Germans to death. Berlin, Germany, 1944.
Entrance to the Ploetzensee prison. At Ploetzensee, the Nazis executed hundreds of Germans for opposition to Hitler, including many of the participants in the July 20, 1944, plot to kill Hitler. Berlin, Germany, postwar.
Execution site at the Ploetzensee prison. At Ploetzensee, the Nazis executed hundreds of Germans for opposition to Hitler, including many of the participants in the July 20, 1944, plot to kill Hitler. Berlin, Germany, postwar.
Portrait of a preschool class in Copenhagen. Gus Goldenburger (top row, second from left) was one of the few Jewish students in the class. His family moved to Denmark from Czechoslovakia, fearing the rising tide of Nazism. When the Nazis planned to deport Danish Jewry, the Goldenburgers managed to escape to Sweden, where they remained until the end of the war. After the war, the Goldenburgers returned to Copenhagen. Photograph taken in Copenhagen, Denmark, 1938–1939.
King Christian X. According to popular legend, King Christian X chose to wear a yellow star in support of the Danish Jews during the Nazi occupation of Denmark. In another version, the Danish people decided to wear a yellow star for the same reason. Both of these stories are fictional. However, the legend conveys an important historical truth: both the King and the Danish people stood by their Jewish citizens and were instrumental in saving the overwhelming majority of them from Nazi persecution and death.
Portrait of Georg Duckwitz, German naval attache in Denmark who leaked the Nazi plan to deport Danish Jews. Place and date uncertain.
A boat used by Danish fishermen to transport Jews to safety in Sweden during the German occupation. Denmark, date uncertain.
Jewish refugees being rescued aboard a Danish fishing boat bound for Sweden. October 1943.
Danish refugees register in Sweden after escaping from Denmark. Sweden, after October 1943.
Jewish refugees from Denmark upon arrival in neutral Sweden. 1943.
The Danish Freedom Council, Denmark's unofficial government-in-exile from July 1944 to May 1945, was made up of leaders of the four main resistance groups. London, Great Britain, between July 1944 and May 1945.
Excerpt from Anne Frank's diary for the date October 10, 1942: "This is a photograph of me as I wish I looked all the time. Then I might still have a chance of getting to Hollywood. But now I am afraid I usually look quite different." Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Anne Frank at five years of age. Bad Aachen, Germany, September 11, 1934.
Margot and Anne Frank before their family fled to the Netherlands. Bad Aachen, Germany, October 1933.
Anne Frank, age twelve, at her school desk. Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1941.
A page from Anne Frank's photo album showing snapshots taken between 1935 and 1942. Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
The house at Prinsengracht 263, where Anne Frank and her family were hidden. Amsterdam, the Netherlands. After 1935.
Passport photograph of Raoul Wallenberg. Sweden, June 1944.
Hungarian Jews wait in front of the Swedish legation main office in hopes of obtaining Swedish protective passes. Budapest, Hungary, 1944. Photograph taken by Tom Veres, who was active in Raoul Wallenberg's efforts to rescue the Jews of Budapest.
Swedish "protective pass" issued to Lili Katz, a Hungarian Jew. The document was initialed by Raoul Wallenberg (bottom left). Budapest, Hungary, August 25, 1944.
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