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Soon after liberation, camp survivors cook in a field. Bergen-Belsen, Germany, after April 15, 1945. In the days before liberation, the prisoners had been left without food or water. More than 13,000 inmates died in the three months following liberation.
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and German Chancellor Adolf Hitler greet each other at the Munich conference. Munich, Germany, September 29–30, 1938.
March 11, 1941. On this date, the Lend-Lease Act passed in Congress, allowing the United States to send material aid to the Allies prior to entering World War II.
June 18, 1935. On this date, the United Kingdom and Germany signed an agreement allowing the German navy to expand beyond the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
Kovno had a rich and varied Jewish culture. Learn about the Soviet and German occupations of Kovno, ghettoization, secret archives, and resistance in Kovno during WWII and the Holocaust.
The Kielce pogrom was a violent massacre in the town of Kielce, Poland in 1946. Learn more about the events that led up to the attack and the aftermath.
July 14, 1933. On this date, the German government passed the Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Hereditary Diseases.
Members of the British Auxiliary Territorial Service carry rifles shipped from the United States under the Lend-Lease Act. Lend-Lease was a US policy that extended material aid to the Allies before and after the United States entered World War II.
The Bergen-Belsen concentration camp was liberated by British forces on April 15, 1945. Approximately 50,000 people died at Bergen-Belsen during the camp's existence. When liberating troops entered the camp, they witnessed evidence of Nazi atrocit...
The Nazis carried out genocide against Europe’s Jews and persecuted and murdered other groups based on racial theories. Learn about the history of these murderous ideas.
When Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler became German chancellor on January 30, 1933, no step-by-step blueprint for the genocide of Jews as a “race” existed. After the outbreak of World War II, millions of Jews came und...
Learn about African Americans' experiences in Nazi Germany before and during World War II.
Learn more about Rudolf (Rezső) Kasztner (1906-1957) during World War II and his controversial efforts to help refugees escape Hungary in 1944.
Learn about the Holocaust, the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators.
In the 1930s, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and the British government pursued a policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany to avoid war. Learn more.
Propaganda played a crucial role in selling the myth of the "national community" (Volksgemeinschaft) to so-called "Aryan" Germans. The photograph on this cigarette card was taken by Nazi propagandist Heinrich Hoffman. It depicts a crowd of people smiling and giving the Nazi salute as a guard holds them back. Written in German, the caption on the back reads, "Every day the same picture: Fans welcome the leader." Beginning in the 1920s, cigarette cards were a popular collectible item in Germany. This card…
Wearing numbers, the defendants in the Bergen-Belsen Trial sit in the courtroom in Lüneburg, Germany. The Belsen Trial began on September 17, 1945, and was one of the first war crimes trials held after World War II. IWM (HU 59545)
The word antisemitism means prejudice against or hatred of Jews. The Holocaust is history’s most extreme example of antisemitism. Learn more.
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain addresses a crowd at the Heston Aerodrome on September 30, 1938. He has just returned from signing the Munich Agreement with Germany, Italy, and France. Chamberlain will later deliver a statement at the prime minister’s residence at 10 Downing Street, where he famously proclaims, “I believe it is peace for our time.” IWM (HU 4255)
Winston Churchill (seated) at Westminster College on March 5, 1946, the day he delivered his “Iron Curtain” speech. Standing at the far right is US President Harry S. Truman. Behind them (left to right) are Admiral William D. Leahy, Captain Clark Clifford, and Major General Harry Vaughan. Photograph taken by Terry Savage. Fulton, Missouri.
The term genocide refers to violent crimes committed against groups with the intent to destroy the existence of the group. Learn about the origin of the term.
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sits in the Cabinet Room at 10 Downing Street. London, 1940. IWM (MH 26392)
Adolf Eichmann was a key figure in implementing the “Final Solution,” the Nazi plan to kill Europe's Jews. Learn more through key dates and events.
May 1940. Approximately 338,000 Allied troops evacuate Dunkirk with the help of British ships and boats.
September 7, 1940. On this date, Germany initiated the Blitz, a bombing campaign against Britain.
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (far right) and others view buildings damaged during the Blitz. The Blitz was a German bombing campaign over Britain that lasted from September 7, 1940, to May 11, 1941. London, September 8, 1940. IWM(H 3978)
Destroyers of the Royal Navy carry British troops evacuated from Dunkirk. Dover, England, May 31, 1940. IWM (H 1640)
David Bayer lived in Kozienice, Poland. Explore his biography and learn about his experiences during World War II and the Holocaust.
October 30, 1943. On this date, the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union signed the Moscow Declaration during the Third Moscow Conference.
August 14, 1941. On this date, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter establishing postwar priorities.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill during the Atlantic Conference on Placentia Bay in Newfoundland, Canada. Also pictured are the president’s sons, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. (far left) and Elliott Roosevelt (far right). August 9, 1941.
May 1937. Neville Chamberlain became British prime minister and followed a policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany.
April 26, 1933. On this date, the British ambassador to Germany warned the British government about the principles outlined in Hitler’s Mein Kampf.
July 10, 1940. On this date, Germany and Britain began fighting for air control of the English Channel in the Battle of Britain.
March 14, 1938. Days after Nazi Germany annexed Austria, Churchill delivered a warning about German aggression.
Learn about responses in the United States to reports about Nazi anti-Jewish policies and violence against Jews from 1933–37.
Adolf Hitler authorized the murder of people with disabilities sometime in autumn 1939 but backdated the order to the start of World War II.
August 18, 1939. On this date, German officials ordered the registration of infants and toddlers showing signs of mental or physical disabilities.
September 15, 1938. On this date, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met with Hitler at the German leader’s home in Berchtesgaden.
September 3, 1939. On this date, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany after the German invasion of Poland.
September 30, 1938. On this date, Neville Chamberlain addressed the public after signing the Munich Agreement, proclaiming "I believe it is peace for our time."
May 28, 1937. On this date, Neville Chamberlain succeeded Stanley Baldwin as British prime minister.
In July 1938, 32 nations met in Evian, France, to discuss immigration policies for Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi Germany. Learn how these discussions impacted Jewish lives.
September 17, 1945. On this date, the Belsen Trial began. Forty-five defendants were charged for crimes committed at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.
March 5, 1946. On this date, Winston Churchill delivered his postwar “Iron Curtain” speech.
May 10, 1940. On this date, Winston Churchill succeeded Neville Chamberlain as British prime minister.
October 5, 1938. On this date, Winston Churchill delivered a speech denouncing the Munich Agreement.
A sergeant pilot of the British Royal Air Force sits in the cockpit of his Spitfire in September 1940. Between July 10 and October 31, 1940, Germany and Britain fought for air control of the English Channel in the Battle of Britain. IWM (HU 104502)
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