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German soldiers parade in Pilsudski Square. Warsaw, Poland, October 4, 1939.
The Holocaust (1933–1945) was the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million European Jews by the Nazi German regime and its allies and collaborators. The Holocaust era began in January 1933 when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party came to power in Germany. It ended in May 1945, when the Allied Powers defeated Nazi Germany in World War II. The Holocaust was a German initiative that took place throughout German- and Axis-controlled Europe. It affected nearly all of Europe’s Jewish…
Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Despite fighting tenaciously, the Polish Army was defeated within weeks.
View of the bombed-out city of Nuremberg. Visible in the distance is the twin-spired Lorenz Church, and on the right, a statue of Kaiser Wilhelm I. Nuremberg, Germany, 1945.
Concentration camp prisoners, many from satellite camps of Neuengamme, remove corpses of German civilians after Allied bombings of Hamburg. Germany, August 1943.
The Norwegian town of Elverum, near the Swedish border, burns after a German bombing mission during the invasion of Norway. Elverum, Norway, May 3, 1940.
This building in the town of Elverum, near Oslo, was damaged during a bombing raid following the German invasion of Norway. Elverum, Norway, May 3, 1940.
Antisemitic graffiti on a shop window: "The Jewish parasite sold Norway on the 9th of April." April 9 was the day of the German invasion in 1940. Norway, ca. 1940.
The sign erected by the 9th Armored division on the Ludendorff bridge after its capture. March 11, 1945. US Army Signal Corps photograph taken by W. Spangle.
Members of the 12th Armored Division, which included African American platoons, await their orders. Germany, April 1945.
Mortar men of the 754th Tank Battalion fire an 81mm mortar at German positions during the heavy fighting in the Hürtgen Forest. December 15, 1944. US Army Signal Corps photograph taken by C. Tesser.
A soldier prepares to bed down for the night in a Belgian forest during the Battle of the Bulge. December 21, 1944. US Army Signal Corps photograph taken by J Malan Heslop.
German prisoners file across the Rhine as American supply trucks move forward toward the front. March 26, 1945. US Army Signal Corps photograph.
Aerial view of the city of Rotterdam after it was bombed by the Luftwaffe (the German Air Force). Rotterdam, the Netherlands, May–June 1940.
View of Rotterdam after bombing by the German Luftwaffe in May 1940. Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 1940.
View of Rotterdam after bombing by the German Luftwaffe in May 1940. Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 1940.
After the defeat of France, a German soldier examines French fortifications along the Maginot Line, a series of fortifications along the border with Germany. France, 1940.
German forces during the military assault on Rotterdam during the Western Campaign. Rotterdam, the Netherlands, May 1940.
German forces occupied Riga in early July 1941. Here, war damage to Riga's city hall is shown by blackened areas around the building's windows. Riga, Latvia, August 1941.
The Germans destroyed symbols of the Polish state. Here, German soldiers stand by the toppled Grunwald monument in Krakow. Poland, 1940.
Panzer tanks of Erwin Rommel's Africa Corps during an advance against British armed forces. Libya, 1941-1942.
Two German sentries stand guard at Augustow on the demarcation line between Soviet- and German-occupied Poland. September 1939.
Soviet troops trample a Nazi flag as they march past a burning house on a street in the outskirts of Vienna. Photograph taken by Soviet photographer Yevgeny Khaldei. Vienna, Austria, April 1945.
April 30, 1945. On this date, Adolf Hitler committed suicide in his Berlin bunker.
In World War II, Germany sought to defeat its opponents in a series of short campaigns in Europe. Germany quickly overran much of Europe and was victorious for more than two years. Germany defeated and occupied Poland (attacked in September 1939), Denmark (April 1940), Norway (April 1940), Belgium (May 1940), the Netherlands (May 1940), Luxembourg (May 1940), France (May 1940), Yugoslavia (April 1941), and Greece (April 1941). Yet Germany did not defeat Great Britain, which was protected from German ground…
View map showing German territorial losses following the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. Learn how the treaty affected lands controlled by Germany
The 1936 Olympics were the first to employ the torch relay. Learn more about this new ritual, Nazi propaganda, and the Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany.
The German army (Wehrmacht) regarded the war in the east as a crusade against communism and not subject to the "normal rules" of war. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Soviet soldiers followed a "scorched earth" policy to hinder the German advance. In this German newsreel footage, German soldiers approach a burning village, one of many destroyed during the invasion of the Soviet Union.
German forces launched Operation "Barbarossa," the invasion of the Soviet Union, on June 22, 1941. The German army made rapid initial progress in the campaign into Soviet territory. In this German military footage, German soldiers separate women and children from men in a Soviet village.
The commanding general of the 9th Armored Division (third from right), and members of the division who won the Distinguished Service Cross pose with the sign placed on the Ludendorff Bridge after its capture. US Army Signal Corps photograph taken by W. Spangle on September 18, 1945, several months after the bridge was captured.
Members of the US 9th Armored Division meet up with Soviet units near Linz, Austria. This photograph was taken by US Army Signal Corps photographer Arnold E. Samuelson. Austria, May 2, 1945.
An American anti-aircraft gun, towed by a truck camouflaged with foliage, moves into position in the Hürtgen Forest to provide fire support against ground targets. November 6, 1944. US Army Signal Corps photograph taken by C A Corrado.
During the Battle of the Bulge, US troops move up to the front in open trucks in subzero weather to stop the German advance. December 22, 1944. US Army Signal Corps photograph taken by J Malan Heslop.
An American GI using his steel helmet to draw water from a stream during the Battle of the Bulge. December 22, 1944. US Army Signal Corps photograph taken by J Malan Heslop.
Units of a German armored division on the eastern front in February 1944. Soviet forces, largely on the offensive since the battle of Stalingrad, pushed German troops to the borders of East Prussia by the end of 1944. Soviet Union, February 1944.
Nazi propaganda often portrayed Jews as engaged in a conspiracy to provoke war. Here, a stereotyped Jew conspires behind the scenes to control the Allied powers, represented by the British, American, and Soviet flags. The caption reads, "Behind the enemy powers: the Jew." Circa 1942.
Portrait of a Soviet soldier standing on a heavily damaged street in Budapest. Photograph taken by Soviet photographer Yevgeny Khaldei. The location is Apponyi Square. On either side of the street are the ruins of the Clotild Palaces. In the background is the Erzsebet (Elizabeth) bridge. Budapest, Hungary, 1945.
In July 1995, Bosnian Serb forces killed as many as 8,000 Bosniaks from Srebrenica. It was the largest massacre in Europe since the Holocaust.
John Perry, a movie photographer with Unit 129, films GIs of the 290th Infantry Regiment, 75th Infantry Division, and 4th Cavalry Group ferreting out German snipers near Beffe, Belgium during the Battle of the Bulge. Twelve Germans were killed. The scene was photographed by Carmen Corrado of the 129th. January 7, 1945. US Army Signal Corps photograph taken by C.A. Corrado.
John Perry, a movie photographer with Unit 129, films GIs of the 290th Infantry Regiment, 75th Infantry Division, and 4th Cavalry Group ferreting out German snipers near Beffe, Belgium, in early January 1945. Twelve Germans were killed. The scene was photographed by Carmen Corrado of the 129th. January 7, 1945. US Army Signal Corps photograph taken by C.A. Corrado.
The leaders of Nazi Germany, a modern, educated society, aimed to destroy millions of men, women, and children because of their Jewish identity. Understanding this process may help us to better understand the condit...
More than 80 percent of Greece's prewar Jewish population was murdered during the Holocaust.
Allied air superiority over Germany was a decisive factor in the success of the D-Day (June 6, 1944) landings in France. This footage shows the Allied bombing of suspected German positions during the battle. Allied air attacks both supported Allied ground operations in Normandy and prevented German reinforcements from reaching the area. The Allies would liberate most of France by the end of August 1944.
Persecution of Jews and other targeted groups was already government policy in Germany once the Nazis were in power in 1933. But following the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, war provided the opportunity and motivation for more ext...
While Japanese diplomats in Washington, DC, negotiated with Secretary of State Cordell Hull, Japanese planes bombed the naval base at Pearl Harbor. American outrage at the surprise attack overcame isolationist sentiment and the United States declared war on Japan the following day.
Börgermoor was part of the Nazi regime’s early system of concentration camps. It was located in the Emsland region of Prussia.
Learn about conditions and forced labor in Dora-Mittelbau, the center of an extensive network of forced-labor camps for the production of V-2 missiles and other weapons.
German forces razed the town of Lidice in June 1942 in retaliation for the death of Nazi leader Reinhard Heydrich. Learn about the assassination and reprisal.
Iranian diplomat Abdol Hossein Sardari gave critical assistance to Iranian Jews in occupied France (1940-1944) to protect them from Nazi persecution.
We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. View the list of all donors.