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Page from a diary written by Elizabeth Kaufmann while living with the family of Pastor André Trocmé in Le Chambon-sur-Lignon. Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, France, 1940–41.
Illustrated page of a child's diary written in a Swiss refugee camp. The diary entry describes how they crossed the border into Switzerland. The text reads, "We came out of the woods and into a clearing: we had to be as quiet as possible because we were so close to the border. Oh! I almost forgot! Before we came out of the woods, they made us stand still for a quarter of an hour while they went to explore the area and to cut through the fence. Fortunately, shortly thereafter, we began to walk again. We saw…
Illustrated page of a child's diary written in a Swiss refugee camp. The diary entry describes how they crossed the border into Switzerland. The text reads, "We came out of the woods and into a clearing: we had to be as quiet as possible because we were so close to the border. Oh! I almost forgot! Before we came out of the woods, they made us stand still for a quarter of an hour while they went to explore the area and to cut through the fence. Fortunately, shortly thereafter, we began to walk again. We saw…
Otto Wolf (1927-1945) was a Czech Jewish teenager who chronicled his family's experience living in hiding in rural Moravia during World War II. His diary was published posthumously. This image shows book 4 of Otto Wolf's diary. This is the first entry by Felicitas Garda (Otto Wolf's sister) dated April 17, 1945. Felicitas continued Otto's diary after his disappearance.
Kitty Weichherz, pictured here in a photograph taken before World War II began, was born in December 1929. This photo was taken from a diary of Kitty's life written by her father, Bela Weichherz. After Kitty's birth, Bela started to keep a diary of his daughter's life. He made entries recording her childhood in Czechoslovakia until the family was separated and deported during the Holocaust. His last entry reads "I only wish that we can go together." Kitty and all of her immediate family perished in the…
Defendant John Demjanjuk comments on documents being viewed on a large screen in court. Jerusalem, Israel, July 27, 1987.
Defendant John Demjanjuk crosses his heart upon hearing the pronouncement of his death sentence. Jerusalem, Israel, April 25, 1988.
At Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew), a Nazi anti-Jewish propaganda exhibition, a case features "typical Jewish external features." Munich, Germany, November 1937.
A notice posted by a student group calling for Romanians to protest against the rights of Jews. Iasi, Romania, 1941–1942.
Insignia of the 30th Infantry Division. The nickname of the 30th Division was Old Hickory, named after President Andrew Jackson.
Marc Chagall, the Russian Jewish artist, at work in his studio in southern France. Gords, France, 1940.
Max Brod, a Czech-born Jewish author and composer who wrote in the German language. An active Zionist, he succeeded in leaving for Palestine in 1939. Prague, Czechoslovakia, February 27, 1937.
Sigmund Freud: Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse, cover. In 1933, Nazi students at more than 30 German universities pillaged libraries in search of books they considered to be "un-German." Among the literary and political writings they threw into the flames were all the works of Sigmund Freud that were published by 1933.
Portrait of Sigmund Freud. Freud's writings were burned during the 1933 book burnings.
Thomas Mann, seen here in Germany before the war, was a noted German novelist and Nobel Laureate. He denounced the Nazis and emigrated to the United States in 1938 after his German citizenship was revoked. Germany, prewar.
Jan Karski, underground courier for the Polish government-in-exile, informed the West in the fall of 1942 about Nazi atrocities against Jews taking place in Poland. Washington, DC, United States, 1943.
Jan Karski and General Colin Powell meet during the opening ceremonies of the US Holocaust Memorial Museum. Washington, DC, April 22, 1993.
An Armenian woman and her child sit on a sidewalk next to a bundle of their possessions. Ottoman Empire, 1918–20.
Studio portrait of two Armenian girls wearing traditional clothing. Ottoman Empire, ca 1895. [Courtesy of Mabel Aharonian]
Ottoman military forces march Armenian men from Kharput to an execution site outside the city. Kharput, Ottoman Empire, March 1915-June 1915. [Courtesy of the Armenian National Institute.]
Ottoman troops guard Armenians being deported. Ottoman Empire, 1915-16.
Armenian children lie in the street of an unidentified town. Photograph taken by Armin T. Wegner. Wegner served as a nurse with the German Sanitary Corps. In 1915 and 1916, Wegner traveled throughout the Ottoman Empire and documented atrocities carried out against the Armenians. [Courtesy of Sybil Stevens (daughter of Armin T. Wegner). Wegner Collection, Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach & United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.]
An Armenian refugee, wearing a scarf and a pack on her back. Ottoman Empire, 1918-20. Sometimes called the first genocide of the twentieth century, the Armenian genocide refers to the physical annihilation of Armenian Christian people living in the Ottoman Empire from spring 1915 through autumn 1916. There were approximately 1.5 million Armenians living in the multiethnic Ottoman Empire in 1915. At least 664,000 and possibly as many as 1.2 million died during the genocide, either in massacres and…
A small group of Armenian deportees walking through the Taurus Mountain region, carrying bundles. A woman in the foreground carries a child. Ottoman Empire, ca. November 1915. Photograph taken by Armin T. Wegner. Wegner served as a nurse with the German Sanitary Corps. In 1915 and 1916, Wegner traveled throughout the Ottoman Empire and documented atrocities carried out against the Armenians. [Courtesy of Sybil Stevens (daughter of Armin T. Wegner). Wegner Collection, Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach…
Armenian families next to makeshift tents in a refugee camp. Ottoman Empire, 1915-16.Photograph taken by Armin T. Wegner. Wegner served as a nurse with the German Sanitary Corps. In 1915 and 1916, Wegner traveled throughout the Ottoman Empire and documented atrocities carried out against the Armenians. [Courtesy of Sybil Stevens (daughter of Armin T. Wegner). Wegner Collection, Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach & United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.]
A group of Armenian refugees. 1915-20. Sometimes called the first genocide of the twentieth century, the Armenian genocide refers to the physical annihilation of Armenian Christian people living in the Ottoman Empire from spring 1915 through autumn 1916. There were approximately 1.5 million Armenians living in the multiethnic Ottoman Empire in 1915. At least 664,000 and possibly as many as 1.2 million died during the genocide, either in massacres and individual killings, or from systematic ill treatment,…
Armenian refugees in the desert. A man in the foreground lies on the ground on a layer of bedding. 1915-20.
A group of 1,500 Armenian children at a refugee camp of the Near East Relief organization in Alexandroupolis. Greece, 1921–22.
Refugees foraging at Alexandropol, Russian Armenia. Photograph taken by John Elder. In 1917, Elder, a divinity student from Pennsylvania, joined the American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief team that was aiding refugees. For two years, Elder did volunteer work with Armenian orphans. During that time, he photographed refugees and conditions at camps.
Père Jacques de Jésus (born Lucien Bunel) was a Carmelite headmaster of a Catholic boys school in Avon, France. Angered at Nazi policies, he made his school a refuge for young men seeking to avoid forced labor and for Jews. On January 15, 1944, the Gestapo raided the school, seizing Père Jacques and three Jewish children. The boys were deported to Auschwitz and killed. Père Jacques, sent to various concentration camps, died shortly after liberation.
The title page of Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler. This copy has an inscription by Hitler on the inside cover (not shown) that reads "To the Newlyweds with best wishes for a happy and blessed marriage." Munich, Germany, 1941.
A US soldier inspects piles of Nazi books, including Mein Kampf, that were found in a German school. As part of their denazification policies, Allied authorities purged German libraries, bookstores, and schools of Nazi propaganda. Aachen, Germany, May 2, 1945.
A young baby sits in its carriage next to a Quonset hut in Babenhausen displaced persons camp. Babenhausen, Germany, 1946-47.
View of the road leading to the Deggendorf displaced persons camp. Deggendorf, Germany, 1945-46.
Zionist group gather with banners outside the Deggendorf displaced persons camp to demonstrate for Jewish immigration to Palestine. Deggendorf, Germany, 1945-49.
A young child sits among luggage while waiting to depart the Deggendorf displaced persons camp. Deggendorf, Germany, 1945-46.
Sara Neumann carries her luggage labled with an address in New York as she leaves the Deggendorf displaced persons camp. Deggendorf, Germany, 1945–47.
A Jewish New Year greeting card from Hela Brett, the donor's friend. In the winter of 1945-46, Rochelle Shulman (born Rochelle Szklarski), her father, and sisters left Poland with the help of the Brihah. They reached the Bad Reichenhall displaced persons camp and stayed there until February 1949, when they sailed to New York aboard the SS Marine Shark. Bad Reichenhall, Germany, September 1947.
A pair of shoes left behind after a deportation action in the Kovno ghetto. Photographer George Kadish captioned the photo "The body is gone." Kovno, Lithuania, circa 1943.
A young boy holding his younger brother in the Kovno ghetto. Older children frequently cared for younger siblings in the ghetto. Photographed by George Kadish. Kovno, Lithuania, 1941.
Soviet officers preside over the opening and exhumation of a mass grave at the Ninth Fort. Photographed by George Kadish. Kovno, Lithuania, 1944.
Secretary of the Kovno ghetto Jewish council Avraham Tory stands with Zvi Brik (left), workshop administrator, in the cemetery of the Kovno ghetto. Kovno, Lithuania, 1943.
Prewar studio portrait in Sighet of Jewish siblings Suri and Ari Deutsch, both of whom died in the Holocaust. This photograph comes from the album of their cousin, Rosalia Dratler Roiter. Rosalia was deported to and died at Auschwitz. Sighet, Romania, 1937.
A group of young boys pose on and next to the demolished vehicle of local Jewish teacher Ferdinand Stern. The car had been driven to a nearby lake and set on fire during Kristallnacht. Frankenberg, Germany, November 1938.
A Lithuanian auxiliary policeman auctions off property owned by persons killed in SS-managed shooting operations. Lithuanian auxiliaries served as shooters and guards in these operations. Were those who bought the clothing, who likely knew some of the victims in this small town, complicit in the crimes? Utena, Lithuania, July–August 1941.
Hungarian Zionist leaders Otto Komoly and Rezso Kasztner (left), who negotiated with the SS for the release of Jews from Hungary. Budapest, Hungary, 1944.
Jews from the "Kasztner train" arrive in Switzerland. This group of Jews was released from Bergen-Belsen as a result of negotiations between the Germans and Hungarian Jewish leaders Joel Brand and Rezso Kasztner. Switzerland, August 1944.
George Mandel-Mantello greets the Satmar Rebbe, Joel Teitelbaum, upon his arrival in Switzerland on the Kasztner transport from Bergen-Belsen. Switzerland, December 1944.
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