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This film clip shows the use of headphones at the International Military Tribunal. English, French, Russian, and German were the official languages of the Nuremberg trials. Translators provided simultaneous translations of the proceedings. Each participant in the trial had a set of headphones.
In Berlin, Germany, officials from Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan sign the ten-year Tripartite Pact (the Three-Power Agreement), a military alliance. The pact sealed cooperation among the three nations (Axis powers) in waging World War II. This footage comes from "The Nazi Plan," a film produced and used by the United States in the prosecution at the Nuremberg trials.
Among the many ironies of the International Military Tribunal was that the defendants were accorded that which they had denied their opponents: the protection of the law and a right to due process. Here, defendant Walther Funk, former German Minister of Economics, speaks with his defense attorney, Dr. Fritz Sauter, in a visitation room at Nuremberg.
US Chief Prosecuter Robert H. Jackson, pictured at the time of the International Military Tribunal (1945–1946). In 1941, Jackson had been appointed to the US Supreme Court. Justice Jackson took a leave of absence from the court in 1945 to serve as chief US war crimes prosecutor at the Nuremberg trials of former German leaders. He returned to the Supreme Court in 1946.
Portrait of Lieutenant Colonel Mervyn Griffith-Jones, British prosecutor at the IMT Nuremberg commission hearings investigating indicted Nazi organizations.
Illustration from an antisemitic German children's book, Der Giftpilz (The Poisonous Mushroom), used to indoctrinate children in the Nazi worldview. It was published in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1935. The caption to the image on the page shown here reads: "The Jewish nose is crooked, it looks like a 6."
Eugenics poster entitled "The Nuremberg Law for the Protection of Blood and German Honor." The illustration is a stylized map of the borders of central Germany upon which is imposed a schematic of the forbidden degrees of marriage between Aryans and non-Aryans and the text of the Law for the Protection of German Blood. The German text at the bottom reads, "Maintaining the purity of blood insures the survival of the German people."
33rd Nazi propaganda slide of a Hitler Youth educational presentation entitled "Germany Overcomes Jewry." The text in German reads: "Zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes vor fremdrassiger Vermischung erliess der Fuhrer die." Translation: "For the protection of German blood against alien race mixing the Führer issued Nuremberg Laws."
Fritz Glueckstein (left) on a picnic with his family in Berlin, Germany, 1932. Fritz's father was Jewish—he attended services in a liberal synagogue—and his mother was Christian. Under the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, Fritz would be classified as mixed-raced (Mischling), but since his father was a member of the Jewish religious community, Fritz was classified as a Jew.
Two Jewish girls (cousins Margot and Lotte Cassel) ready for their first day of school in Breslau, Germany, ca. 1937. As was traditional for all children in Germany, the cones were filled with treats to celebrate their first day of school. Margot's father, Saul, worked in the Tietz department store until he was dismissed following the enactment of the Nuremberg Laws.
Leni Riefenstahl, with Adolf Hitler in the background, directs the shooting of a film about the Reich Party Day. Here she is shooting a segment called "Day of the Reich Work Service." Nuremberg, Germany, 1936.
German soldiers force Soviet prisoners of war to construct a rail line. Place uncertain, 1941-1942. This photograph is from an album discovered in a search mission in an abandonend building near Nuremberg by Steven Imburgia while serving with the 633rd Anti-Aircraft Unit.
Antisemitism (hatred of Jews) predominated in Nazi ideology. The Nazis built upon centuries of anti-Jewish sentiment. Learn about antisemitism in Nazi ideology.
Before WWII, over 3,500 Jews lived in Luxembourg. Under the German occupation, this community was almost completely destroyed. Learn more.
From 1945 to 1947, the US Army tried a variety of officials, camp personnel, and German civilians accused of war crimes and mass atrocities against Allied civilians and prisoners of war.
Efforts to hold some of the remaining perpetrators of crimes of the Holocaust accountable continue today, raising the question: is it ever too late to seek justice?
Herta Oberheuser was a physician at the Ravensbrück concentration camp. She performed medical experiments. She was found guilty of performing sulfanilamide experiments, bone, muscle, and nerve regeneration and bone transplantation experiments on humans, as well as of sterilizing prisoners. This portrait of Herta Oberheuser was taken when she was a defendant in the Medical Case Trial at Nuremberg.
Adolf Hitler greets Reich Bishop Ludwig Mueller at a Nazi Party Congress. Roman Catholic Abbot Alban Schachleiter stands between Hitler and Mueller. Nuremberg, Germany, September 1934.
Adolf Hitler, Julius Streicher, and other dignitaries review passing Nazi Party members at the Deutscher Tag (German Day) celebration in Nuremberg, September 02, 1923.
In October 1945, the chief prosecutors of the International Military Trial brought charges against 24 leading German officials. Learn more about who was put on trial.
The 4th Infantry Division participated in major WWII campaigns and is recognized for liberating the Haunstetten subcamp of Dachau.
Courtroom sketch drawn during the International Military Tribunal by American artist Edward Vebell. The drawing depicts defendants Rudolf Hess and Wilhelm Keitel, with this accompanying text: "Hess looked very hollow cheeked and thin necked. He seemed to ignore the proceedings and kept his head down, absorbed in a book. Keitel tried to retain a rigid military bearing and strike haughty poses." Nuremberg, Germany, 1945.
This map accompanied a secret undated German report on the mass murder of Jews by Einsatzgruppen A (mobile killing unit A). During the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, the map was introduced as evidence by both the American and British prosecution teams. The document, entitled "Jewish Executions Carried Out by Einsatzgruppen A" and stamped "Secret Reich Matter," shows the number of Jews executed (symbolized by coffins) in the Baltic states and Belorussia by late 1941. The legend near the…
The film "The Nazi Plan" was shown as evidence at the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg on December 11, 1945. It was compiled for the trial by Budd Schulberg and other US military personnel, under the supervision of Navy Commander James Donovan. The compilers used only German source material, including official newsreels. In this footage titled "Seventh Party Congress 10–16 September 1935," Hermann Göring announces restrictive racial laws.
Defendant Hans Frank gives testimony to his defense lawyer during the Nuremberg trial about his leadership roles during the Third Reich.
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