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Janusz Korczak ran a Jewish orphanage in Warsaw. He and his staff stayed with the children even as German authorities deported them to their deaths at Treblinka in 1942.
Carl von Ossietzky was a German journalist, pacifist, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate whose articles were burned under the Nazi regime in 1933. Learn more.
The National Socialist German Worker’s Party, also known as the Nazi Party, was the far-right racist and antisemitic political party led by Adolf Hitler.
Near the end of WWII, the Germans began marching prisoners out of camps and away from the front. Read more about the brutal conditions of these death marches.
Benito Mussolini’s Fascist takeover of Italy was an inspiration and example for Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany. Learn more.
Construction of Oskar Schindler's armaments factory in Bruennlitz. Czechoslovakia, October 1944.
First page of a program booklet distributed during the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. The dramatic text sets the scene in the courtroom.
Jozef Tiso was a Slovak politician and a Roman Catholic priest. From 1939 to 1945, he was the president of the Slovak Republic, one of Nazi Germany’s allies.
Léon Degrelle was an extreme right-wing Belgian politician and Nazi collaborator. After the war, he continued to spread pro-Nazi propaganda for decades. Learn more.
After WWII, many Holocaust survivors, unable to return to their homes, lived in displaced persons camps in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Read about Salzburg DP camp.
During the war the Japanese flooded Shanghai with anti-American and anti-British propaganda, including this image from a matchbox cover. It depicts a Japanese tank rolling over the U.S. and British flags. Shanghai, China, between 1943 and 1945. [From the USHMM special exhibition Flight and Rescue.]
The Nazi Kripo, or Criminal Police, was the detective force of Nazi Germany. During the Nazi regime and WWII, it became a key enforcer of policies based in Nazi ideology.
After WWII, many Holocaust survivors, unable to return to their homes, lived in displaced persons camps in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Read about Zeilsheim DP camp.
After WWII, many Holocaust survivors, unable to return to their homes, lived in displaced persons camps in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Read about Santa Maria di Bagni DP camp.
Headphones used by defendant Hermann Göring during the International Military Tribunal. Headphones like these enabled trial participants to hear simultaneous translation of the proceedings.
Many observers at the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at Nuremberg, aware of the historic nature of the trial, created scrapbooks to preserve their own record of the Nuremberg court. First Lieutenant Herman E. Klappert, Jr. was a photographer with the U.S. Army Signal Corps who assembled three such scrapbooks. Klappert's albums consist almost entirely of photographs that he printed himself. Also included in the albums are original autographs from the defendants and other principal figures at the…
View of Rotterdam after bombing by the German Luftwaffe in May 1940. Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 1940.
Adolf Eichmann, SS official in charge of deporting European Jewry. Germany, 1943.
Antisemitic graffiti on a Jewish-owned shop that has been forced to close. Danzig, 1939.
Jewish parachutist Hannah Szenes at Kibbutz Sedot Yam, a communal agricultural settlement. Palestine, 1942.
Election poster reading "The People Vote Listing One: Nationalsocialism," 1932-1933
Vidkun Quisling, pro-German Norwegian Fascist leader. Pictured here addressing supporters of his Norwegian Nazi party at a rally. Oslo, Norway, August 1941.
Police force Romanian Jews, survivors of a pogrom in Iasi, to board a train during their expulsion from Iasi to Calarasi. Iasi, Romania, late June 1941.
A Polish town in ruins after six years of war and German occupation. Poland, 1945.
Barn on the outskirts of the town of Gardelegen that was the site of the massacre of over 1,000 concentration camp prisoners. Germany, April 16, 1945.
View of barracks in the women's camp in the Auschwitz-Birkenau killing center in German-occupied Poland, 1944.
Swedish protective pass issued to Joseph Katona, the Chief Rabbi of Budapest. Budapest, Hungary, September 15, 1944.
Danish fishermen used this boat to carry Jews to safety in Sweden during the German occupation. Denmark, 1943 or 1944.
Preparation of food outside a barracks in Theresienstadt. Photograph taken after liberation. Theresienstadt, Czechoslovakia, June–August 1945.
Entrance gate to the Riga ghetto. This photograph was taken from outside the ghetto fence. Riga, Latvia, 1941-1943.
Survivors of the Ebensee subcamp of the Mauthausen concentration camp. Ebensee, Austria, May 8, 1945.
View of barracks after the liberation of Kaufering, a network of subsidiary camps of the Dachau concentration camp. Landsberg-Kaufering, Germany, April 29, 1945.
Children march out of Buchenwald to a nearby American field hospital where they will receive medical care. Buchenwald, Germany, April 27, 1945.
Deportation from the Westerbork transit camp. Members of the Jewish police are seen in the photograph. The Netherlands, 1943–44.
Soon after liberation, surviving children of the Auschwitz camp walk out of the children's barracks. Poland, after January 27, 1945.
An survivor of the Bergen-Belsen camp, after liberation. Bergen-Belsen, Germany, after April 15, 1945.
Jews from Subcarpathian Rus get off the deportation train and assemble on the ramp at the Auschwitz-Birkenau killing center in occupied Poland. May 1944.
Pastor Martin Niemöller speaks to reporters after his release from a concentration camp. Germany, 1945.
The word antisemitism means prejudice against or hatred of Jews. The Holocaust is history’s most extreme example of antisemitism. In these oral histories, survivors...
Sorle and Shalomis Gorfinkel presented this card to their parents on the occasion of Rosh Hashanah 5704, the Jewish New Year 1943. The Gorfinkel family was part of the Mir Yeshiva community in Shanghai.
Antisemitic graffiti on a shop window: "The Jewish parasite sold Norway on the 9th of April." April 9 was the day of the German invasion in 1940. Norway, ca. 1940.
1943 photograph of SS General Ernst Kaltenbrunner, who served as head of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) and as chief of Nazi Security Police (Sipo) and the Security Service (SD).
At Berlin's Opernplatz (Opera Square), an SA man throws books into the flames at the public burning of books deemed "un-German." This image is a still from a motion picture. Berlin, Germany, May 10, 1933.
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