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The Riegner telegram detailed the Nazi plan to systematically murder European Jews. It was sent to the British and American governments in August 1942.
The front page of the New York World Telegram newspaper from Tuesday, October 1, 1946, announcing the sentences of the International Military Tribunal defendants.
The SS Quanza was a Portuguese ship chartered by Jewish refugees attempting to escape Nazi-dominated Europe in August 1940. Passengers with valid visas were allowed to disembark in New York and Vera Cruz, but that left 81 refugees seeking asylum. On September 10, 1940, they sent this telegram to First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt to implore her for help.
A second RCA Radiogram telegram from Rabbi Grodzenski, Chief Rabbi of Vilna, to the Central Relief Committee in New York. He requests aid for refugees who have gathered in Vilna. The telegram says that more than 1,600 yeshiva students and their families from over 10 cities throughout Poland have fled to Vilna, where they remain in terrible living conditions. November 5, 1939. [From the USHMM special exhibition Flight and Rescue.]
This identification card was issued to Sima Wajner, a Jewish resident of the Heidenheim displaced persons camp. The card identifies her as a former concentration camp inmate who had been imprisoned in the Stuffhof camp during the Holocaust. Card dated January 23, 1947.
Read about the experiences of Jews who were living in Vienna during the German annexation of Austria.
The Minsk ghetto was established in July 1941 shortly after German forces occupied the city. These personal histories describe the experiences of Jewish men, women, and children who were forced into the Minsk ghetto.
Belzec was among the killing centers the SS established for the mass murder of European Jews. Between March and December 1942, approximately 434,500 Jews were deported and killed there.Learn about the experiences of some of the men, women,...
Nazi Gemany annexed Danzig in September 1939. Soon after, the regime established Stutthof, initially a civilian internment camp, east of Danzig. In January 1942, Stutthof became a regular concentration camp. These ID cards and oral histories describe the experiences of people imprisoned in the Stutthof camp.
The Polish city of Lvov was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1939, under the terms of the German-Soviet Pact. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, German troops occupied Lvov. These ID cards and oral histories describe e...
Stutthof began as a civilian internment camp under the Danzig police chief and then became a "labor education" camp under the German Security Police. In January 1942, Stutthof became a regular concentration camp. Stutthof prisoners were used as fo...
The Germans established a ghetto in Warsaw in October 1940. All of Warsaw's Jews were required to live in the ghetto, which was sealed off from the rest of the city. Overcrowding, minimal rations, and unsanitary conditions led to disease, starvati...
The Ravensbrück concentration camp was the largest concentration camp for women in the German Reich. The SS required Ravensbrück prisoners to perform forced labor. Starting in the summer of 1942, prisoners were also...
The word antisemitism means prejudice against or hatred of Jews. The Holocaust is history’s most extreme example of antisemitism.
Westerbork was located in the Netherlands, which Germany had invaded in 1940. From 1942 to 1944, it served as a transit camp for Jews before they were deported to killing centers.Learn about Holocaust survivors' experiences in Westerbork.&n...
An estimated 197,464 prisoners passed through the Mauthausen concentration camp system between August 1938 and May 1945. At least 95,000 people were killed there.
Buchenwald was a concentration camp near Weimar, Germany. Between July 1937 and April 1945, the SS imprisoned some 250,000 persons from all countries in Europe there.
German troops occupied Lodz one week after Germany invaded Poland in September 1939. In early 1940, the Germans established a ghetto in the northeast section of the city. More than 20 percent of the ghetto's population died as a direct result of i...
Germany occupied Kovno, Lithuania on June 24, 1941. Within six months, German Einsatzgruppe detachments and Lithuanian collaborations had murdered half of the city's Jews. Between July and August 15, 1941, German authorities concentrated some 29,000 of Kovno's Jews into a ghetto. Learn about the experiences of Jews in Kovno after Germany occupied the city.
The Sobibor killing center in German-occupied Poland was one of four camps linked to Operation Reinhard. At least 170,000 people were murdered at Sobibor. On October 14, 1943, the camp's Jewish prisoners launched an uprising. After the revolt, Sob...
The Germans established the Drancy camp in France in August 1941. Drancy later became the major transit camp for the deportations of Jews from France. Fewer than 2,000 of the almost 65,000 Jews deported from the Dranc...
Almost 22,000 prisoners—more than 18,000 of them Jewish—passed through the Gurs camp in France. Living conditions in Gurs were overcrowded. Prisoners faced a constant shortage of water, food, and clothing. Many of the camp's Jewish prisoners were...
Germany occupied the Polish city of Tarnow in 1939. Deportations from Tarnow began in June 1942, first to the Belzec killing center. Following the June deportations, the Germans forced the surviving Jews in Tarnow, as well as Jews from nearby town...
Prisoners of the Dachau concentration camp were subjected to horrific conditions, forced labor, and medical experiments. The camp was liberated by American forces on April 29, 1945.Here, Dachau survivors and US Army veterans share their tes...
Belzec was among the killing centers the SS established for the mass murder of European Jews. Between March and December 1942, approximately 434,500 Jews were deported and killed there.Explore this gallery to learn about some of the experie...
The Auschwiz camp complex was the largest of its kind established by the Nazi regime. Auschwitz consisted of three main camps, including a killing center. More than 1.1 million people were murdered at Auschwitz. Individuals not sent directly to th...
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