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Jewish refugee orphans pose for a group photograph at Lindenfels displaced persons camp, administered by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. Germany, April 21, 1948.
From a window in the Reich Chancellery, German president Paul von Hindenburg watches a Nazi torchlight parade in honor of Adolf Hitler's appointment as German Chancellor. Berlin, Germany, January 30, 1933.
Adolf Hitler poses with his cabinet shortly after assuming power as chancellor of Germany. Hitler is flanked by Joseph Goebbels (left) and Hermann Göring (right). Berlin, Germany, 1933.
Members of the SS (Schutzstaffel; originally Hitler's bodyguard, later the elite guard of the Nazi state) parade during a rally. Germany, date uncertain.
The Reichstag (German parliament) building burns in Berlin. Hitler used the event to convince President Hindenburg to declare a state of emergency, suspending important constitutional safeguards. Germany, February 27, 1933.
Prisoners arrested during the crackdown on leftists and other targeted groups exercise in the courtyard of the Alexanderplatz prison. Munich, Germany, April 10, 1933.
An early view of the Dachau concentration camp. Columns of prisoners are visible behind the barbed wire. Dachau, Germany, May 24, 1933.
In Berlin, thousands of Party officials, Hitler Youth members, and Labor Service leaders take an oath of loyalty read by Rudolf Hess in Munich and broadcast across Germany. Berlin, Germany, February 25, 1934.
Hitler salutes the youth ranks at the Nazi Party Congress. Nuremberg, Germany, September, 1935.
Adolf Hitler reviews SA troops celebrating the third anniversary of his assumption of power. Berlin, Germany, February 20, 1936.
Germans listen to an antisemitic speech by Hitler. Josef Goebbels, minister of propaganda, encouraged every family to acquire a radio. Germany, January 30, 1937.
Members of a German military unit swear allegiance to Adolf Hitler. Germany, date uncertain.
A Hitler Youth ceremony, typical of those conceived by Baldur von Schirach. They aimed to strengthen dedication to Hitler. Members recited verses, sang patriotic songs, and performed "mock funerals" for "fallen comrades." Germany, date uncertain.
In the aftermath of the Munich agreement, which turned the Sudetenland area of Czechoslovakia over to Germany, German troops march into the town square of Friedland. October 3, 1938.
Stateless Jewish refugees at the Mischdorf tent camp along the Slovak-Hungarian border, following the First Vienna Award which gave a sector of southern Slovakia to Hungary. Local Jews were accused of supporting the Hungarian claim, were driven across the border, then back again, then were forced to live for weeks in an open field. November 1938.
Adolf Hitler reviews his troops at Prague castle on the day of the occupation. Prague, Czechoslovakia, March 15, 1939.
This photograph shows a Jewish boy wearing the compulsory Star of David. Prague, Czechoslovakia, between September 1941 and December 1944.
Property confiscated from deported Jews is stacked in a synagogue. Prague, Czechoslovakia, 1941–45.
Czech Jews are deported from Bauschovitz to Theresienstadt ghetto. Czechoslovakia, between 1941 and 1943.
Jews deported from Prague, Czechoslovakia, move their belongings through the streets of the Lodz ghetto in occupied Poland. November 20, 1941.
Deportation of Slovak Jews. The victims wear tags and are escorted by Slovak guards. Czechoslovakia, ca. 1942.
Deportation of Slovak Jews. Stropkov, Czechoslovakia, May 21, 1942.
Deportation of Jews from Plzen (Pilsen) to Theresienstadt. The building in the background is the town theater. Czechoslovakia, 1942.
A gathering of Jewish youth from Rhodes. Rhodes, photograph taken between 1940 and 1944.
During a visit to Germany, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini (back to camera) speaks with (left to right): SS chief Heinrich Himmler; Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels; and Nazi governor of Poland Hans Frank. Germany, 1941.
An Italian Jew who survived the war by disguising himself as a priest and living in the Vatican from October 1943 to June 1944. A number of Jews were able to seek refuge in religious houses throughout Rome, including in the Vatican. Rome, Italy, 1943-1944.
False identity card of Jewish partisan Vittorio Finzi, issued in the name of Vittorio Rossi. Italy, wartime.
Rita Rosani, a former school teacher who joined the Italian armed resistance immediately upon the German occupation of Italy. She was killed near Verona on September 17, 1944, when her unit was surrounded. Trieste, Italy, 1940.
Jewish youth at the "HaRishona" (The First) Zionist training center construct a fishing boat. They are preparing for emigration to Palestine. Fano, Italy, 1946.
A flag bearing a swastika is raised over the city hall in Sarajevo after German forces captured the city. Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, April 16, 1941.
Streetcar in Belgrade bearing the sign: "Forbidden to Jews." Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 1941-1942
A child wears the compulsory Jewish badge. The "Z" stands for the word "Jew" (Zidov) in Croatian. Yugoslavia, ca. 1941.
A Jewish child wears the compulsory Star of David badge with the letter "Z" for Zidov, the Croatian word for Jew. Yugoslavia, ca. 1941.
Djakovo camp, where Croatian Jews were imprisoned and killed, was located in this former flour mill. Yugoslavia, wartime.
Deportation of Jews from Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 1943. The Jews of Bulgarian-occupied Thrace and Macedonia were deported in March 1943. On March 11, 1943, over 7,000 Macedonian Jews from Skopje, Bitola, and Stip were rounded up and assembled at the Tobacco Monopoly in Skopje, whose several buildings had been hastily converted into a transit camp. The Macedonian Jews were kept there between eleven and eighteen days, before being deported by train in three transports between March 22 and 29, to Treblinka.
Conscripts in the Hungarian Labor Service march to a work site. Mateszalka, Hungary, September 1939.
With bowls in hand, conscripts of a Jewish Hungarian labor unit wait for food. Abony, Hungary, 1940.
View of the quarry in a forced-labor camp established by the Hungarian government. Tokaj, Hungary, 1940.
Twelve Hungarian Jewish physicians in the Iklad forced-labor camp. Iklad, Hungary, September 24, 1940.
Conscripts of Hungarian Labor Service Company VIII/2 at work laying railroad track. Huszt, Hungary, 1942.
Jews drafted into the Hungarian Labor Service System march to a work site. Szeged, Hungary, between 1940 and 1944.
Guards check the identification papers of women entering the ghetto in Munkacs, in a part of Czechoslovakia annexed by Hungary in 1938. Czechoslovakia, 1944.
Victims of German SS and Hungarian Arrow Cross terror in the Budapest ghetto. The bodies were found in the courtyard of the Pestor synagogue on Dohany Street. Budapest, Hungary, January 1945.
A child survivor arrives at Haifa port on board the Aliyah Bet ("illegal" immigration) ship Mataroa. The British denied the passengers entry into Palestine and deported them to Cyprus detention camps. July 15, 1945.
Eight-year-old Yisrael Meir (Lulek) Lau is held by a fellow Buchenwald survivor, Elazar Schiff, as they arrive in Palestine aboard the RMS Mataroa. Haifa, Palestine, July 15, 1945.
Lyrics to the Jewish national anthem and portraits of Zionist leaders hang in a classroom in a displaced persons camp. Feldafing, Germany, after April 1945.
Drafting class sponsored by ORT (Organization for Rehabilitation through Training). Zeilsheim displaced persons camp. Germany, postwar.
One of the tent camps used to detain Jewish displaced persons denied entry into Palestine by the British. Cyprus, August 1946-February 1949.
Three Jewish children in the Feldafing displaced persons camp. Feldafing, Germany, 1946–47.
British soldiers force Jewish refugees from Aliyah Bet ("illegal" immigration) ship Theodor Herzl through a disinfection station before deporting them to detention camps in Cyprus. Haifa port, Palestine, April 24, 1947.
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