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A group of young boys pose on and next to the demolished vehicle of local Jewish teacher Ferdinand Stern. The car had been driven to a nearby lake and set on fire during Kristallnacht. Frankenberg, Germany, November 1938.
Elsa Eisner, marked with a Jewish badge, walks down a street in Prague. She, her mother, twin sister and other members of the family were deported to Auschwitz in July 1942. Prague, Czechoslovakia, ca. 1941.
Group of Jewish children who were sheltered in the children's home Maison des Roches, which was directed by Daniel Trocme (back, center, with glasses). Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, France, between 1941 and 1943.
Jewish refugees, part of the Brihah (the postwar mass flight of Jews from eastern Europe), in a crowded boxcar on the way to a displaced persons camp in the American occupation zone. Germany, 1945 or 1946.
Jewish refugee boys at the Maison des Pupilles de la Nation children's home in Aspet. These children reached the home through the efforts of the Children's Aid Society (Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants; OSE) and the American Friends Service Committee. Aspet, France, ca. 1942.
This identification card was issued to Sima Wajner, a Jewish resident of the Heidenheim displaced persons camp. The card identifies her as a former concentration camp inmate who had been imprisoned in the Stuffhof camp during the Holocaust. Card dated January 23, 1947.
Group portrait of Jewish displaced persons (DPs) in the Leipheim DP camp. From left to right are an unidentified couple, Rubin Kaplan, Zalman Kaplan (cousin), Dwora (cousin) and her husband Eli Flaks, and their infant, Pearl.
Jewish displaced persons (DPs) pose outside of a barracks in the Bari Transit DP camp in Italy. Among those pictured are Izidor and Tauba Schachter with their baby Miriam Schachter (now Enright), on the far right, and Etta Gipsman, on the far left.
Belongings of a Jewish family murdered by an SS mobile killing squad at Babyn Yar. On September 29-30, 1941, the SS killed more than 33,000 Jews from Kyiv (Kiev). A German Propaganda Company photographer took this image within days of the massacre. Kyiv, German-occupied Soviet Union, after September 30, 1941.
Clothing belonging to Jewish victims murdered by the SS at the nearby Babyn Yar killing site. Prior to the mass shootings, the SS ordered Jews to undress and leave their belongings. They then marched or drove the victims to the killing site. A German photographer took this image within days of the mass shootings. Kyiv (Kiev), German-occupied Soviet Union, after September 30, 1941.
Viennese pedestrians view a large Nazi sign posted on a restaurant window informing the public that this business is run by an organization of the Nazi Party and that Jews are not welcome. Vienna, Austria, March-April 1938.
This map accompanied a secret undated German report on the mass murder of Jews by Einsatzgruppen A (mobile killing unit A). During the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, the map was introduced as evidence by both the American and British prosecution teams. The document, entitled "Jewish Executions Carried Out by Einsatzgruppen A" and stamped "Secret Reich Matter," shows the number of Jews executed (symbolized by coffins) in the Baltic states and Belorussia by late 1941. The legend near the…
Nazi-produced propaganda slide entitled "Leading Figures of the System." The image was presented during a lecture called "Jewry, Its Blood-based Essence in Past and Future," Part I in a series on Jewry, Freemasonry, and Bolshevism. Germany, circa 1936. The slide features the portraits of six prominent Jewish political and cultural figures in Weimar Germany. Georg Bernhard, Rudolf Hilferding, and Walther Rathenau were among the authors whose works were targeted during the 1933 Nazi book burnings.
Beginning in 1941, the Germans deported Jews in Germany to the occupied eastern territories. At first, they deported thousands of Jews to ghettos in Poland and the Baltic states. Those deported would share the fate of local Jews. Later, many deportation transports from Germany went directly to the killing centers in occupied Poland. In this footage, a German propaganda unit films recent arrivals from Magdeburg, Germany, in a collection center run by the Jewish council in the Warsaw ghetto. In July 1942,…
Edward was born to a Jewish family in The Hague. In 1929, the family moved to the United States. Because his father had difficulty finding employment, Edward and his family returned to the Netherlands in 1932. They were living in the town of Delft and running a small clothing store when war broke out. Germany invaded the Netherlands in May 1940. Anti-Jewish decrees were instituted, increasing in severity to the point that Jews could no longer own businesses and were forced to wear a yellow badge after May…
Between 1933 and 1939, Jews in Germany were subjected to arrest, economic boycott, the loss of civil rights and citizenship, incarceration in concentration camps, random violence, and the state-organized Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass") pogrom. Jews reacted to Nazi persecution in a number of ways. Forcibly segregated from German society, German Jews turned to and expanded their own institutions and social organizations. However, in the face of increasing repression and physical violence, many Jews…
Children learn a religious text from an Orthodox Jewish teacher. Landsberg displaced persons camp, Germany, 1946-1947.
These tiny black, white, gold, and clear glass beads were used by Rachel “Chelly” de Groot from November 1942 to April 1944 and recovered by her brother Louis after the war. Chelly used the beads to make handicrafts. On November 16, 1942, Chelly, then 15, Louis, 13, and their parents Meijer and Sophia left Arnhem and went into hiding after the Dutch police warned them of a raid. Meijer and Sophia hid in Amsterdam while Chelly and Louis moved around to different locations. In summer or fall 1943,…
Anti-Jewish measures took effect in Bulgaria after the beginning of World War II. In March 1941, Bulgaria joined the Axis alliance and German troops passed through Sofia. In May 1943, Norbert and his family were expelled to Plevin in northern Bulgaria, where they stayed with relatives. After the advance of the Soviet army in 1944, Norbert and his family returned to Sofia.
Wilek was the son of Jewish parents living in the southeastern Polish town of Lvov. His family owned and operated a winery that had been in family hands since 1870. Wilek's father died of a heart attack in 1929. Wilek entered secondary school in 1939. Soon after he began school, World War II began with the German invasion of Poland. Lvov was in the part of eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union. Although the Soviets took over Wilek's home and the family business, Wilek was able to continue his…
Polish-Jewish refugees seeking to leave Europe arrive in Lisbon. Following the German invasion of France, Jewish and non-Jewish refugee assistance organizations relocated their headquarters to Lisbon, the only neutral European port from which refugees could depart to North and South America. Lisbon, Portugal, June 21-22, 1940.
Shortly after the German annexation of Austria, Nazi Storm Troopers stand guard outside a Jewish-owned business. Graffiti painted on the window states: "You Jewish pig may your hands rot off!" Vienna, Austria, March 1938.
A Jewish child refugee who fled eastern Europe as part of the organized postwar flight of Jews (the Brihah). Pictured here as an apprentice at the Selvino children's home for Jewish displaced persons. Italy, October 20, 1946.
Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi minister of propaganda, speaks at a rally in favor of the boycott of Jewish-owned shops. Berlin, Germany, April 1, 1933.
Jewish refugee youth, on an escape route from France to Switzerland, at a Children's Aid Society (OSE) girls' home. Couret, France, ca. 1942.
Jewish women return to the Kovno ghetto after forced labor on the outside. They line up to be searched by German and Lithuanian guards. Kovno, Lithuania, between 1941 and 1944.
Jewish survivors in a displaced persons camp post signs calling for Great Britain to open the gates of Palestine to the Jews. Germany, after May 1945.
Aleksander Belev, Bulgarian commissioner for Jewish Affairs (center, wearing hat and facing the camera), oversees the deportation of Jews. Skopje, Yugoslavia, March 1943.
A Jewish refugee girl from Vienna, Austria, upon arrival in Harwich after her arrival in England on a Kindertransport. United Kingdom, December 12, 1938.
Jewish children sheltered by the Protestant population of the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon. France, 1941.
Jewish children sheltered by the Protestant population of the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon. France, 1941–44.
An illustration in the North-China Daily News following the arrival of a group of Jewish refugees in Shanghai, in Japanese-occupied China. August 24, 1941. [From the USHMM special exhibition Flight and Rescue.]
Fritz and Ida Lang, Jewish proprietors of a dry goods store in Lambsheim, posed for this picture around 1934. In the early 1940s, Nazi authorities deported the Langs and their young daughter, Freya, to detention camps in France. Ida died after deportation to Auschwitz. Fritz survived and reunited with his daughter in 1946. Lambsheim, Germany, ca. 1934.
Group of Austrian Jewish displaced persons under the care of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration who are to be repatriated to Austria from Shanghai, where they had sought refuge. From the Marine Falcon, they bid farewell to fellow refugees. Shanghai, China, 1946.
Stateless Jewish refugees at the Mischdorf tent camp along the Slovak-Hungarian border, following the First Vienna Award which gave a sector of southern Slovakia to Hungary. Local Jews were accused of supporting the Hungarian claim, were driven across the border, then back again, then were forced to live for weeks in an open field. November 1938.
British soldiers force Jewish refugees from Aliyah Bet ("illegal" immigration) ship Theodor Herzl through a disinfection station before deporting them to detention camps in Cyprus. Haifa port, Palestine, April 24, 1947.
After the Kristallnacht pogrom, German civilians line the streets to watch the forced march of Jewish men through the town. Baden-Baden, Germany, November 10, 1938.
German children read an anti-Jewish propaganda book for children titled Der Giftpilz (The Poisonous Mushroom). The girl on the left holds a companion volume, the translated title of which is "Trust No Fox." Germany, ca. 1938. (Source record ID: E39 Nr .2381/5)
Russian-born Jewish artist Marc Chagall with his daughter, Ida. The Nazis declared Chagall's work "degenerate." After the fall of France, where he had been living, Chagall fled to the United States. United States, 1942.
Photograph of Jewish parachutist Haviva Reik taken before her mission to aid Jews in Slovakia during the Slovak national uprising. Palestine, before September 1944.
British soldiers guard Jewish refugees, forcibly removed from the refugee ship Exodus 1947, on trucks leaving for Poppendorf displaced persons camp. Photograph taken by Henry Ries. Kuecknitz, Germany, September 8, 1947.
Jewish refugees, forcibly removed by British soldiers from the ship Exodus 1947, arrive at Poppendorf displaced persons camp. Photograph taken by Henry Ries. Germany, September 8, 1947.
Jewish children, forcibly removed by British soldiers from the ship Exodus 1947, stand behind a barbed-wire fence. Photograph taken by Henry Ries. Poppendorf displaced persons camp, Germany, September 1947.
Class photograph of students at the San Leone Magno Fratelli Maristi boarding school in Rome. Pictured in the top row at the far right is Zigmund Krauthamer, a Jewish child who was being hidden at the school. Rome, Italy, 1943–44.
Ustasa (Croatian fascist) camp guards order a Jewish man to remove his ring before being shot. Jasenovac concentration camp, Yugoslavia, between 1941 and 1945.
A group of Jewish men on a train platform with French policemen at the Austerlitz station before deportation to the Pithiviers internment camp. Paris, France, May 1941.
Jewish refugee children, part of a Children's Transport (Kindertransport) from Germany, soon after arriving in Harwich. Great Britain, December 2, 1938.
Jewish refugee children from Germany—part of a Children's Transport (Kindertransport)—at the holiday camp at Dovercourt Bay, near Harwich, shortly after their arrival in England. Dovercourt Bay, Great Britain, after December 2, 1938.
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