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The defendants' dock and members of the defense counsel during the Doctors Trial. Nuremberg, Germany, December 9, 1946–August 20, 1947.
Defendant Karl Brandt testifies during the Doctors Trial. Nuremberg, Germany, December 9, 1946-August 20, 1947.
US Chief of Counsel Brigadier General Telford Taylor during the Doctors Trial. Nuremberg, Germany, December 9, 1946-August 20, 1947.
German soldiers hold Poles, including Polish clerics, hostage. Bydgoszcz, Poland, September 9, 1939.
Chart used by the prosecution in the Doctors' Trial illustrates the organization of the Medical Services of the Wehrmacht (German armed forces). Nuremberg, Germany, December 9, 1946-August 20, 1947.
A public demonstration is held on the Unter den Linden in Berlin on November 9, 1918. On this day, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated the throne after a recent naval mutiny in Kiel inspired widespread revolution. © IWM Q 88164
Schoolchildren wait in anticipation for the arrival of the US Ambassador to the United Nations and members of the UN Security Council, who have traveled to South Sudan to underscore their support for the January referendum on the region’s independence. October 9, 2010.
The Nazis took control of the police and turned Germany into a dictatorship; implemented a racist ideology; and carried out brutal policies across annexed and occupied Europe. Learn more.
After 1940, Polish refugees were pressured to leave Lithuania. Learn more about the diplomats that assisted them and their journey to Japan.
Eleanor Roosevelt, longest serving First Lady in US history, used her social and political influence to intervene on behalf of refugees before and during WWII.
The Justice Case, or Jurists’ Trial, of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings tried members of the German justice administration. Browse excerpts from the verdict.
Learn about the role of Theresienstadt in the deportation of German and Austrian Jews to killing sites and killing centers in the east.
Learn more about the 1936 German Supreme Court decision on the Nuremberg Race Laws.
Learn about the establishment of and conditions in Melk, a subcamp of the Mauthausen camp system in Austria.
Operation Torch was the Allied invasion of French Morocco and Algeria during the North African Campaign of World War II. Learn more.
The War Refugee Board was formed in 1944 by executive order under President Roosevelt. It was tasked with the rescue and relief of victims of Nazi oppression.
Explore a timeline of key events in the history of Nazi Germany during 1938.
February 27, 1925. On this date, Adolf Hitler declared the reformulation of the Nazi Party with himself as the leader.
These Torah scrolls, one from a synagogue in Vienna and the other from Marburg, were desecrated during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"), the violent anti-Jewish pogrom of November 9 and 10, 1938. The pogrom occurred throughout Germany, which by then included both Austria and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. The scrolls pictured here were retrieved by German individuals and safeguarded until after the war.
The pages photographed here are from Hebrew prayer books destroyed during the Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass") pogrom of November 9 and 10, 1938. These pages were damaged by fire during the destruction of the synagogue in Bobenhausen, Germany. The Jewish community of Giessen donated them to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1989.
Portrait of Victoria and Isak Assael, the daughter and son of Shabetai Assael. They were students and lived at Sremska 9 in Bitola. This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.
American judges (top row, seated) during the Doctors Trial, case #1 of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings. Presiding Judge Walter B. Beals is seated second from the left. Nuremberg, Germany, December 9, 1946–August 20, 1947.
Otto Ohlendorf, commander of Einsatzgruppe D (mobile killing unit D), during Trial 9 of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings. This photograph shows Ohlendorf pleading "not guilty" during his arraignment at the Einsatzgruppen Trial. Nuremberg, Germany, September 15, 1947.
The Jewish refugee ship Pan-York, carrying new citizens to the recently established state of Israel, docks at Haifa. The ship sailed from southern Europe to Israel, via Cyprus. Haifa, Israel, July 9, 1948.
Semmy Woortman-Glasoog with Lientje, a 9-month-old Jewish girl she hid. Woortman-Glasoog was active in a network which found foster homes, hiding places, and false papers for Jewish children. She was later named "Righteous Among the Nations." Amsterdam, the Netherlands, between 1942 and 1944.
As the synagogue in Oberramstadt burns during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"), firefighters instead save a nearby house. Local residents watch as the synagogue is destroyed. Oberramstadt, Germany, November 9-10, 1938.
Adolf Hitler, Julius Streicher (foreground, right), and Hermann Göring (left of Hitler) retrace the steps of the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch (coup). Munich, Germany, November 9, 1934.
Adolf Hitler and other participants in the Hitler Putsch, during the annual anniversary celebration of his failed attempt to seize power. Behind Hitler stand Rudolf Hess (left) and Heinrich Himmler. Munich, Germany, November 9, 1934.
Survivors of Mauthausen cheer American soldiers as they pass through the main gate of the camp. The photograph was taken several days after the liberation of the camp. Mauthausen, Austria, May 9, 1945.
Antisemitism (hatred of Jews) predominated in Nazi ideology. The Nazis built upon centuries of anti-Jewish sentiment. Learn about antisemitism in Nazi ideology.
The Oath of Loyalty for All State Officials started to change in 1934. Learn more about the oath and Germany’s journey from democracy to a Nazi dictatorship.
The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration’s mission was to provide economic aid to European nations and assist refugees after World War II.
“Fire Oaths” were statements that declared why the works of certain authors were thrown into the flames during the 1933 burning of books under the Nazi regime.
Read the Jewish Partisan Educational Foundation's short biography of Walter Marx.
Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust.
Learn about Jewish life in Germany and Europe before WWII, antisemitic laws, and Nazi violence and discrimination against the Jews of Germany.
The Columbia-Haus camp was one of the early camps established by the Nazi regime. It held primarily political detainees. Learn more about the history of the camp.
Germany invaded Norway on April 9, 1940, simultaneously attacking Norway's coastal cities from Narvik in the far north to Oslo in the south. Despite Allied naval superiority, German naval forces played an important role in the campaign. This footage shows German naval units sailing towards Norway in rough seas. German victory in Norway secured access to the North Atlantic for the German navy, especially the submarine fleet, and safeguarded transports of Swedish iron ore for Germany's war industry.
German troops reached parts of Warsaw on September 8 and 9, 1939. During the German siege of Warsaw, the city sustained heavy damage from air attacks and artillery shelling. Warsaw surrendered on September 28. Here, German troops occupy Warsaw. This footage comes from "Tale of a City," a film made by a Polish underground film unit.
Denmark signed a nonaggression pact with Germany in 1939, hoping to maintain neutrality as it had in World War I. Germany, however, broke the agreement on April 9, 1940, when it occupied Denmark. King Christian X remained on the throne, and the Danish police and government reluctantly accepted the German occupation. This footage shows the German presence in the occupied Danish capital, Copenhagen. In 1943, as German policies towards Denmark toughened, the Danes would form one of the most active and…
Chief Prosecutor Benjamin Ferencz presents evidence during the Einsatzgruppen Trial, Case #9 of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings. Ferencz is flanked by German defense lawyers Dr. Friedrich Bergold (right, counsel for Ernst Biberstein) and Dr. Rudolf Aschenauer (left, counsel for Otto Ohlendorf), who are protesting the introduction of certain documents as evidence.
Selected Features 1. Camp Commandant's House 2. Main Guard House 3. Camp Administrative Office 4. Gestapo 5. Reception Building/Prisoner Registration 6. Kitchen 7. Gas Chamber and Crematorium 8. Storage Buildings and Workshops 9. Storage of Confiscated Belongings 10. Gravel Pit: Execution Site 11. Camp Orchestra Site 12. "Black Wall" Execution Site 13. Block 11: Punishment Bunker 14. Block 10: Medical Experiments 15. Gallows 16. Block Commander's Barracks 17. SS Hospital
Amalie and Norman Salsitz go to Israel to visit family members. Lod (Lydda), Israel, February 9, 1949. With the end of World War II and collapse of the Nazi regime, survivors of the Holocaust faced the daunting task of rebuilding their lives. With little in the way of financial resources and few, if any, surviving family members, most eventually emigrated from Europe to start their lives again. Between 1945 and 1952, more than 80,000 Holocaust survivors immigrated to the United States. Norman was one of…
Portrait of Aron's family on his mother's side, taken when Aron's cousin moved to Israel in 1933-1934. Aron is seated second from left, bottom row. His mother, Miriam, is in the center row, second from right. Aron's father is behind her and to her right. Aron himself was 8 or 9 years old when this picture was taken in either May or June. At the time, Aron recalled, "I was thinking about going to summer camp." Slonim, Poland, 1933-1934.
Learn about the Holocaust in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, including deportations to and from the Theresienstadt camp-ghetto.
Germany invaded Norway on April 9, 1940. Read more about this invasion, the collaborator Vidkun Quisling, and the tragic fate of Norway’s Jews.
Key dates in the history of the Sachsenhausen camp in the Nazi camp system, from its establishment in 1936 to the postwar trial of camp staff in 1947.
The Medical Case, or Doctors Trial, was Case #1 of 12 Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings against leading German industrialists, military figures, SS perpetrators, and others.
American-Jewish journalist and author Ben Hecht co-wrote the We Will Never Die pageant and advocated for the rescue of Jewish victims from Nazism. Learn more.
We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. View the list of all donors.