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Roma (Gypsies) were persecuted in Europe before and during World War II. This history is well documented in archives throughout Europe and the United States. Learn more.
Many of Julien Bryan's original 35mm nitrate film rolls were actively deteriorating when the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum acquired the collection in 2003.
Flags of liberating divisions are presented during a ceremony at the Museum's Tribute to Holocaust Survivors: Reunion of a Special Family. This tribute was one of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's tenth anniversary events. Washington, DC, November 2003.
Jan Karski and General Colin Powell meet during the opening ceremonies of the US Holocaust Memorial Museum. Washington, DC, April 22, 1993.
Members of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council pose with President George Bush (third from right) on the occasion of the 1989 Days of Remembrance. Benjamin Meed is fourth from the right. Washington, DC, 1989. Learn more about Days of Remembrance.
A visitor stands in front of the quotation from Martin Niemöller that is on display in the Permanent Exhibition of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Niemöller was a Lutheran minister and early Nazi supporter who was later imprisoned for opposing Hitler's regime.
Visitors stand in front of the quotation from Martin Niemöller that is on display in the Permanent Exhibition of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Niemöller was a Lutheran minister and early Nazi supporter who was later imprisoned for opposing Hitler's regime.
Elie Wiesel speaks at the Faith in Humankind conference, held before the opening of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, on September 18–19, 1984, in Washington, DC.
Elie Wiesel speaks at the Faith in Humankind conference, held several years before the opening of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. September 18–19, 1984, in Washington, DC.
A dress worn by hidden child in Baarn, the Netherlands. The dress was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2002 by Vera Waisvisz-Reiss.
Young people's diaries capture some of the most heartbreaking experiences of the Holocaust. Learn about the diary and experiences of Irena Aronowicz.
Thomas Buergenthal's experiences as Holocaust survivor and international judge shape his unique perspective on judging war crimes today and justice after genocide.
Followed closely by an SS bodyguard, Adolf Hitler greets supporters at the fourth Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg. Germany, August 1929. US Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of William O. McWorkman
Learning about the Holocaust is one way to honor those lost. Browse our learning site for students as a resource for Holocaust-education projects.
Learn about some of the Righteous Among the Nations, non-Jewish individuals who have been honored by Yad Vashem, Israel's Holocaust memorial, for risking their lives to aid Jews during the Holocaust.
An exhibition at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum demonstrated how the Nazis used the Protocols of the Elders of Zion to spread hatred of Jews. Washington, D.C., 2006-2018.
In October 1941, Romania, an ally of Nazi Germany, perpetrated mass killings of Jews in Odesa. Learn more about the Holocaust in Odesa and Ukraine.
Explore the story of over 2,000 Polish Jewish refugees who fled east to escape war-torn Europe. They sought safety in such distant places as China and Japan.
The Burmese military has targeted the Rohingya people because of their ethnic and religious identity. The military’s actions constitute genocide and crimes against humanity. Learn more
At Babyn Yar in late September 1941, SS and German police units and their auxiliaries perpetrated one of the largest massacres of World War II.
In the 1980s and 1990s, historian Peter Black worked for the US Department of Justice Office of Special Investigations, as part of a team tracking and prosecuting suspected war criminals. Black later served as the Senior Historian at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
After WWII and the fall of the Nazi regime, Holocaust survivors faced the daunting task of rebuilding their lives. Listen to Thomas Buergenthal's story.
Hanne's family owned a photographic studio. In October 1940, she and other family members were deported to the Gurs camp in southern France. In September 1941, the Children's Aid Society (OSE) rescued Hanne and she hid in a children's home in Le Chambon-sur-Lignon. Her mother perished in Auschwitz. In 1943, Hanne obtained false papers and crossed into Switzerland. She married in Geneva in 1945 and had a daughter in 1946. In 1948, she arrived in the United States.
Transcript of 2004 remarks delivered by Elie Wiesel, at a convening of the Darfur Emergency Summit, calling attention to atrocities in Sudan.
In April 1945, US troops encountered a barn on the outskirts of Gardelegen where the SS and its accomplices had massacred over 1,000 concentration camp prisoners.
January 27, anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz, is designated by the United Nations General Assembly as International Holocaust Remembrance Day (IHRD).
The 84th Infantry Division participated in major WWII campaigns and is recognized for liberating two Neuengamme subcamps, Hannover-Ahlem and Salzwedel, in 1945.
The 42nd Infantry Division participated in major WWII campaigns and is recognized for liberating the Dachau concentration camp in 1945.
Karl Höcker created a personal album of photographs chronicling SS officers’ activities at Auschwitz. Learn about this chilling collection.
In 1963, the German Democratic Republic (DDR) issued this postage stamp to commemorate the Treblinka killing center. This was the first stamp of a series issued annually by the DDR under the name Mahn- und Gedensksatte (Remembrance and Memorial Center) in remembrance and commemoration.
In December 1939, German authorities required Jews residing in the Generalgouvernement (which included Krakow) to wear white armbands with blue Stars of David for purposes of identification. The armband pictured here was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2001 by Akiva Kohane.
A blue and gray striped jacket from the Flossenbürg concentration camp. The letter "P" on the left front of the jacket indicates that it was worn by a Polish, non-Jewish prisoner. "P" stands for "Pole" in German. The jacket was donated to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum by the prisoner who wore it, Julian Noga.
This casting of a gas chamber door in the Majdanek camp, near Lublin, Poland, was commissioned by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Each gas chamber in Majdanek was fitted with an airtight metal door and was bolted shut before gas entered the chamber inside. SS guards could observe the killing process through peepholes in the upper center of the door.
The pages photographed here are from Hebrew prayer books destroyed during the Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass") pogrom of November 9 and 10, 1938. These pages were damaged by fire during the destruction of the synagogue in Bobenhausen, Germany. The Jewish community of Giessen donated them to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1989.
In this video introduction to The Nazi Olympics: Berlin 1936, American Jewish athlete Marty Glickman, US Holocaust Memorial Museum Director Sara J. Bloomfield, exhibition curator Susan Bachrach, and German Jewish athlete Gretel Bergmann reflect and remember the 1936 Olympic Games as more than history.
Dr. Sophie Turner-Zaretsky, Space Shuttle Discovery Commander Mark Polansky, and United States Holocaust Memorial Museum chief of staff Bill Parsons. They are holding a replica of "Refugee" bear and a photo of a Darfurian child refugee, items taken by Commander Polansky on a December 2006 Space Shuttle mission.
Panel from the exhibition A Dangerous Lie: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion which was on display at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum from 2006–18. The exhibition explored the continuing impact of the most widely distributed antisemitic publication of modern times.
A collection of valises belonging to Jews who were deported to killing centers. These valises are displayed at the base of the railcar on the third floor of the Permanent Exhibition at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Washington, DC, 1993–1995.
Ben Meed, President, American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors, standing in front of flags of the liberating divisions. This photograph was taken as he spoke at a ceremony held during the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Tribute to Holocaust Survivors: Reunion of a Special Family. This was one of the Museum's tenth anniversary events. Washington, DC, November 2003.
Elie Wiesel became Founding Chairman of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council in 1980. Here, he speaks at a ceremony held during the Tribute to Holocaust Survivors, one of the Museum's tenth anniversary events. Flags of US Army liberating divisions form the backdrop to the ceremony. Washington, DC, November 2003.
Armenian children lie in the street of an unidentified town. Photograph taken by Armin T. Wegner. Wegner served as a nurse with the German Sanitary Corps. In 1915 and 1916, Wegner traveled throughout the Ottoman Empire and documented atrocities carried out against the Armenians. [Courtesy of Sybil Stevens (daughter of Armin T. Wegner). Wegner Collection, Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach & United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.]
Armenian families next to makeshift tents in a refugee camp. Ottoman Empire, 1915-16.Photograph taken by Armin T. Wegner. Wegner served as a nurse with the German Sanitary Corps. In 1915 and 1916, Wegner traveled throughout the Ottoman Empire and documented atrocities carried out against the Armenians. [Courtesy of Sybil Stevens (daughter of Armin T. Wegner). Wegner Collection, Deutsches Literaturarchiv, Marbach & United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.]
Benjamin Meed (right) and Harvey Meyerhoff stand next to the cornerstone for the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. In October 1988, President Ronald Reagan spoke at a special ceremony held when the cornerstone of the Museum was laid, with construction beginning in July 1989 and ending in April 1993. Washington, DC, 1988.
Elie Wiesel (right) with his wife and son during the Faith in Humankind conference, held several years before the opening of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. September 18–19, 1984, in Washington, DC.
Jewish children in hiding during the Holocaust created writing, art, diaries, and more. Read about the surviving documentation of their experiences.
Erich Kästner was a popular political satirist and left-liberal author whose works were burned under the Nazi regime in 1933. Learn more.
Oskar Schindler plants a tree on the Avenue of the Righteous Among the Nations at Yad Vashem. The Righteous Among the Nations are non-Jewish invididuals who have been honored by Yad Vashem, Israel's Holocaust memorial, for risking their lives to aid Jews during the Holocaust.
A digital representation of the United States 20th Armored Division's flag. The US 20th Armored Division was occasionally known as the "Armoraiders" during World War II. They participared in the liberation of the Dachau concentration camp. The 20th Armored Division was recognized as a liberating unit in 1985 by the United States Army Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM).
A digital representation of the United States 4th Armored Division's flag. The US 4th Armored Division is also known as the "Breakthrough" division. During World War II, they were involved in the Battle of the Bulge and overran Ohrdruf, a subcamp of Buchenwald. The 4th Armored Division was recognized as a liberating unit in 1985 by the United States Army Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM).
A digital representation of the United States 63rd Infantry Division's flag. The US 63rd Infantry Division (the "Blood and Fire" division) was established in 1943. During World War II, they took the town of Heidelberg and liberated several Kaufering subcamps. The 63rd Infantry Division was recognized as a liberating unit in 2000 by the United States Army Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM).
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