Browse an alphabetical list of photographs. These historical images portray people, places, and events before, during, and after World War II and the Holocaust.
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Lt. Col. J.W. Branch, Chief Surgeon of the 6th Armored Division, provides medical care to a Hungarian survivor in Penig, a subcamp of Buchenwald. Penig, Germany, April 26, 1945.
Public burning of "un-German" books in the Opernplatz (Opera Square) in Berlin. Students, some in SA uniform, march in a torchlight procession. Berlin, May 10, 1933.
Public burning of "un-German" books in the Opernplatz (Opera Square). Berlin, Germany, May 10, 1933.
A group of young German boys view Der Stuermer, Die Woche, and other propaganda posters that are posted on a fence in Berlin, Germany, 1937.
This photograph shows Julius Wolff, a young Jewish man, and Christine Neemann, his non-Jewish fiancé, standing between two police officers in Norden, Germany. Local SA men had accosted the couple and led them through the streets. The parade was meant to mock and humiliate the couple. Wolff wears a sign that reads: "I am a race defiler" ("Ich bin ein Rasseschänder"). Other photographs of this event show, and Neemann's testimony confirms, that Neemann was also forced to wear a sign. Neemann and Wolff…
Two Jewish men (center, and at right in overcoat), carrying paint and brushes, who were forced by Austrian Nazis to paint "Jude" on the fronts of Jewish-owned businesses. Vienna, Austria, 1938.
Three Jewish businessmen are forced to march down a crowded Leipzig street while carrying signs reading: "Don't buy from Jews. Shop in German businesses!" Leipzig, Germany, 1935.
A pedestrian stops to read an issue of the antisemitic newspaper Der Stuermer (The Attacker) in a Berlin display box. "Der Stuermer" was advertised in showcase displays near places such as bus stops, busy streets, parks, and factory canteens throughout Germany. Berlin, Germany, probably 1930s.
Purim portrait of a kindergarten class at the Reali Hebrew gymnasium. Kovno, Lithuania, March 5, 1939.
Père Jacques de Jésus (born Lucien Bunel) was a Carmelite headmaster of a Catholic boys school in Avon, France. Angered at Nazi policies, he made his school a refuge for young men seeking to avoid forced labor and for Jews. On January 15, 1944, the Gestapo raided the school, seizing Père Jacques and three Jewish children. The boys were deported to Auschwitz and killed. Père Jacques, sent to various concentration camps, died shortly after liberation.
Amon Goeth, commandant of the Płaszów camp. Płaszów, Poland, between February 1943 and September 1944.
A woman (right) imprisoned in the Gurs camp stands with two Quaker delegates who worked for the American Friends Service Committee. Gurs, France, after January 1941.
Vegetable gardens administered by the American Friends Service Committee as part of a Quaker relief effort for prisoners at the Gurs camp. Gurs, France, ca. 1943.
Quaker delegates of the American Friends Service Committee who set up a relief and rescue operation in Toulouse. France, January 1941.
View of the quarry in a forced-labor camp established by the Hungarian government. Tokaj, Hungary, 1940.
Quotation from Martin Niemöller on display in the Permanent Exhibition of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Niemöller was a Lutheran minister and early Nazi supporter who was later imprisoned in the camp system for opposing Hitler's regime. First they came for the Socialists, and I did not speak out-Because I was not a Socialist.Then they came for the Trade Unionists, and I did not speak out-Because I was not a Trade Unionist.Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out-Because I was…
Rabbi Michael Dov Weissmandel, leader of the Working Group (Pracovna Skupina), a Jewish underground group devoted to the rescue of Slovak Jewry.
A technician determines the racial makeup of a young woman by the color of her hair.
This 1938 racist illustration compares “German Youth” with “Jewish Youth.” It is subtitled, “From the face speaks the soul of the race.” It comes from Alfred Vogel's text Inheritance and Racial Hygiene. The Nazis used racist theories to label groups of people as inferior and as the "enemy." The Nazis claimed that "superior" races had not just the right but the obligation to subdue and even exterminate "inferior" ones.
German police raid a vandalized Jewish home in the Lodz ghetto. Lodz, Poland, ca. 1942.
Rail cars discovered by Soviet forces and containing possessions taken from deportees. This abandoned train was on the way to Germany loaded with personal effects (in this case, pillows) taken from Auschwitz victims. Auschwitz, Poland, after January 27, 1945.
View of the railcar on display in the Permanent Exhibition of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Washington DC, June 19, 1991. Courtesy of Polskie Koleje Panstwow S.A.
At the Jozsefvarosi train station in Budapest, Raoul Wallenberg (at right, with hands clasped behind his back) rescues Hungarian Jews from deportation by providing them with protective passes. Budapest, Hungary, 1944.
Raphael Lemkin (right) with Ambassador Amado of Brazil (left) before a plenary session of the General Assembly at which the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide was approved. Palais de Chaillot, Paris, December 11, 1948.
Sack of wood flour (finely powdered wood or sawdust) used to make substitute bread. The official ration of this "bread" for Soviet prisoners of war was less than 5 ounces a day. Deblin, Poland, 1942 or 1943.
Exterior view of barracks at the Ravensbrück concentration camp. Ravensbrueck, Germany, between May 1939 and April 1945.
Red triangle patch worn by Czech political prisoner Karel Bruml in Theresienstadt. The letter "T" stands for "Tscheche" (Czech in German).
Refugee boys from Syria play on old tents in the Domiz refugee camp outside Duhok, Iraqi Kurdistan. September 5, 2015.
A camp for Darfurian refugees in Chad. Photograph taken in 2005. In July 2004 the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum declared a Genocide Emergency for the Darfur region of Sudan.
View of Zbaszyn, the site of a refugee camp for Jews of Polish nationality who were expelled from Germany. The Jewish refugees, hungry and cold, were stranded on the border, denied admission into Poland after their expulsion from Germany. Photograph taken between October 28, 1938, and August 1939. Warsaw-based historian, political activist, and social welfare worker Emanuel Ringelblum spent five weeks in Zbaszyn, organizing assistance for the refugees trapped on the border.
At some point after the war, Sophie received this small stuffed bear (about three inches high) as a present from her mother. She named it “Refugee,” just like she and her mother were refugees of the war.
A replica of "Refugee" bear and a photo of a Darfurian child refugee, items taken by Commander Mark Polansky (pictured) on a December 2006 Space Shuttle mission.
A young Jewish refugee, wounded while resisting British soldiers on board the Aliyah Bet ("illegal" immigration) ship Knesset Israel, is deported to a Cyprus detention camp. Haifa port, Palestine, April 12, 1946.
Refugees crowd the rail of the Aliyah Bet ("illegal" immigration) ship Josiah Wedgewood, anchored at the Haifa port. British soldiers transported the passengers to the Athlit internment center. Palestine, June 27, 1946.
Refugees aboard the St. Louis wait to hear whether Cuba will grant them entry. Off the coast of Havana, Cuba, June 3, 1939.
Refugee women and children arrive by truck in Tuzla during the Bosnian War, which lasted from 1992 to 1995. They are likely coming from Srebrenica. Photo taken in March 1993.
Jewish refugees crowd together in the sleeping quarters aboard the Exodus 1947. July 1947,
Refugees displaced by the violence in Syria wait at a transit center in Jordan for trucks that will take them to the Zaatari refugee camp. February 2014.
Refugees displaced by the violence in Syria walk to a transit center in Jordan where they will be transported to the Zaatari refugee camp. February 2014.
Belgian refugees in Paris during World War I, the first great international conflict of the twentieth century. Paris, France, 1914.
Refugees in a camp in eastern Chad for refugees from the Darfur region of neighboring Sudan. Jerry Fowler, Staff Director of the Museum's Committee on Conscience, visited in May 2004 to hear firsthand the refugees' accounts of the genocidal violence they faced and of being driven into the desert.
Refugees line up in a camp in eastern Chad for refugees from the Darfur region of neighboring Sudan. Jerry Fowler, Staff Director of the Museum's Committee on Conscience, visited in May 2004 to hear firsthand the refugees' accounts of the genocidal violence they faced and of being driven into the desert.
Refugees from the Sudetenland, following its annexation by Germany, arrive in Prague. Prague, Czechoslovakia, ca. October 1938.
Refugees in the Gare de Lyon in Paris during World War I. Paris, France, photograph taken ca. 1914–15.
Soviet refugees sit around a fire in a makeshift camp, following the German invasion of Soviet territory on June 22, 1941. Soviet Union, between 1941 and 1944.
Civilians flee Warsaw following the German invasion of Poland. Hundreds of thousands of both Jewish refugees and non-Jewish refugees fled the advancing German army into eastern Poland, hoping that the Polish army would halt the German advance in the west. Many of the refugees fled without a specific destination in mind. They traveled on foot or by any available transport—cars, bicycles, carts, or trucks—clogging roads to the east. Most took only what they could carry.
Refugees from Nazi Germany on board the St. Louis en route to Cuba. The passengers were denied entry into Cuba and the US and were forced to return to Europe. 1939.
Refugees displaced by violence in Syria board trucks at a transit center in Jordan that will take them to the Zaatari refugee camp in February 2014.
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