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Page of Der Stürmer (The Attacker), a viciously anti-Jewish newspaper published by Julius Streicher. The illustration is an antisemitic photomontage, Germany, 1939. This image was presented as evidence at the Nuremberg trials.
Scene from a Romani (Gypsy) camp: Roma (Gypsies) in front of their tents. Romania, 1936–40. (Bundesarchiv inventory number 146-2001-16-20A.)
Romani (Gypsy) women boil laundry and hang it to dry in the middle of the camp at Marzahn. Germany, June 1936. Shortly before the opening of the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, the police ordered the arrest and forcible relocation of all Roma in Greater Berlin to Marzahn, an open field located near a cemetery and sewage dump in eastern Berlin. Police surrounded all Romani encampments and transported the inhabitants and their wagons to Marzahn.
A man works outside his family's dwelling in a Roma (Gypsy) encampment in the city of Haarlem. The Netherlands, October–November 1940.
Romani (Gypsy) women march to work in the Lackenbach internment camp. Lackenbach, Austria, 1940-1941.
A group of Romani (Gypsy) prisoners in Belzec labor camp, 1940. The Belzec labor camp and its subsidiaries were dismantled at the end of 1940.
German police guard a group of Roma (Gypsies) who have been rounded up for deportation to Poland. Germany, 1940–45.
Romani (Gypsy) children play outside at the Jargeau internment camp. The camp was established in response to a German order in October 1940 calling for the arrest and confinement in camps of all Frenchmen or foreigners in the Loiret region who did not have a permanent residence. Jargeau, France, 1941–45. Conditions in the camp were extremely poor and the lack of sanitation facilities led to the periodic outbreak of epidemics.
Roma (Gypsies) remove bodies from the Iasi-Calarasi death train during its stop in Tirgu-Frumos. Two trains left Iasi on June 30, 1941, bearing survivors of the pogrom that took place in Iasi on June 28-29. Hundreds of Jews died on the transports aboard crowded, unventilated freight cars in the heat of summer. Romania, July 1, 1941.
A Serbian gendarme serving the Serbian puppet government led by Milan Nedić escorts a group of Roma (Gypsies) to their execution. Yugoslavia, ca. 1941–1943.
View of the entrance to the "Gypsy camp" on Brzezinska Street in the Lodz ghetto in occupied Poland. Photograph taken in 1942.
German naval officer Martin Niemöller (top, foreground) commands a U-Boat during World War I. Flensburg, Germany , ca. 1914–17.
Pastor Martin Niemöller at his desk in his home. Berlin, Germany, ca. 1936.
Quotation from Martin Niemöller on display in the Permanent Exhibition of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Niemöller was a Lutheran minister and early Nazi supporter who was later imprisoned in the camp system for opposing Hitler's regime. First they came for the Socialists, and I did not speak out-Because I was not a Socialist.Then they came for the Trade Unionists, and I did not speak out-Because I was not a Trade Unionist.Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out-Because I was…
A visitor stands in front of the quotation from Martin Niemöller that is on display in the Permanent Exhibition of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Niemöller was a Lutheran minister and early Nazi supporter who was later imprisoned for opposing Hitler's regime.
Visitors stand in front of the quotation from Martin Niemöller that is on display in the Permanent Exhibition of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Niemöller was a Lutheran minister and early Nazi supporter who was later imprisoned for opposing Hitler's regime.
SS General Reinhard Heydrich in his office during his tenure as Bavarian police chief. Munich, Germany, April 11, 1934.
Reinhard Heydrich (right) and his deputy, Karl Hermann Frank (center), stand at attention during Heydrich's inauguration as governor of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Prague, September 1941.
The damaged car of SS General Reinhard Heydrich after an attack by Czech agents working for the British. Prague, Czechoslovakia, May 27, 1942.
SS chief Heinrich Himmler (right) during a visit to the Auschwitz camp. Poland, July 18, 1942.
SS chief Heinrich Himmler (front row, left) and Mauthausen commandant Franz Ziereis (second from left) inspect inspect the Wiener Graben quarry during an official tour of the Mauthausen concentration camp. Austria, April 27, 1941.
SS chief Heinrich Himmler reviews a unit of SS-police in Krakow, Poland, March 13, 1942.
SS chief Heinrich Himmler addresses a group of soldiers in a cavalry regiment of the Waffen SS in the eastern territories. 1942.
Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, speaks to an inmate of the Dachau concentration camp during an official inspection. Dachau, Germany, May 8, 1936.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt sits with Eleanor Roosevelt in his study in the White House. FDR was elected the 32nd president of the United States in the presidential elections of November 1932. Washington, DC, 1933.
These Jewish children from the Children's Aid Society (OSE) home in Izieu were arrested and deported on the orders of Lyon Gestapo chief Klaus Barbie—the "Butcher of Lyon." France, 1944.
Lidice in smoke. The Nazis destroyed the Czech village in reprisal for the assassination by Czech resistance fighters of Reinhard Heydrich. Czechoslovakia, June 1942.
SS officers stand among the rubble of Lidice during the demolition of the town's ruins in reprisal for the assasination of Reinhard Heydrich. Czechoslovakia, between June 10 and June 30, 1942.
A Czech woman who witnessed the Nazi massacre of the male inhabitants of Lidice is sworn in at the RuSHA trial in Nuremberg, case #8 of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings. Germany, October 30, 1947.
Fifteen-year-old Marie Doležalová testifies for the prosecution at the RuSHA Trial. She was one of the children kidnapped by the Germans after they destroyed the town of Lidice, Czechoslovakia, in June 1942. Nuremberg, Germany, October 30, 1947.
A Czech postage stamp issued in 1957, commemorating the fifteenth anniversary of the destruction of Lidice.
Beginning of the burning of the village of Um Zeifa in Darfur after the Janjaweed looted and attacked. Photograph taken by Brian Steidle, December 2004.
Close-up portrait of Hebrew and Yiddish author Itzhak Katzenelson in the Vittel internment camp. Because he possessed a Honduran passport, Katzenelson and his son were sent to the Vittel internment camp in France. They remained there for a year, during which time Katzenelson continued to write. In April 1944, however, both were deported to their death in Auschwitz. Vittel, France, 1943-1944.
Close-up portrait of Miriam Wattenberg (Mary Berg). Because Mary's mother was American, she and her family were sent from the Warsaw ghetto to Vittel in to be held for possible prisoner exchange. Her diary became the first wartime published eyewitness account in English of life in the Warsaw ghetto and the deportation of its inhabitants to be murdered at Treblinka.
Advertising poster for the antisemitic film, Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew), directed by Fritz Hippler. Germany, ca. 1940.
A poster advertising the antisemitic propaganda film "Der ewige Jude" (The Eternal Jew) hangs on the side of a Dutch building. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1942.
German citizens stand outside the decorated Hotel Dreesen, where Neville Chamberlain and Hitler held their second meeting on the Sudetenland and German demands for Czech territory. Nazi flags and the Union Jack fly from the building. Bad Godesberg, Germany, September 22, 1938.
Gilbert and Eleanor Kraus (seated in the center, next to the ship's captain) pose with the 50 Austrian Jewish children they brought to the United States. Photograph taken in June 1939. All the children rescued by the Krauses were from families that had previously tried to escape Nazi territory. After the children arrived in the United States, they were sent to live with foster families until their parents were able to immigrate. However, many were never reunited with their families.
Austrian Jewish children being transported to the United States by Eleanor and Gilbert Kraus perform a life jacket drill aboard the ship President Harding. June 1939.
Children aboard the President Harding look at the Statue of Liberty as they pull into New York harbor. They were brought to the United States by Gilbert and Eleanor Kraus. New York, United States, June 1939.
Smoke billows out from US ships hit during the Japanese air attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, December 7, 1941.
Bernard Druskin in Israel, 1946. Bernard joined the partisans after escaping from the Vilna ghetto in 1940.
Postwar photograph of partisan Jack Kakis in Arta, Greece, 1950. After the German occupation of Greece, Jack escaped from a labor camp. He returned to Athens where he became involved with the underground movement, bombing factories, and writing anti-German slogans on the city streets at night. Eventually he joined the National Liberation Front, or EAM, and took to the mountains.
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