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  • Family Photo Taken at the Rivoli DP Camp

    Photo

    Szyja Faktor, his wife Sala, and their daughter Frieda pose for a photograph while living in the Rivoli displaced persons (DP) camp in Italy, circa 1947–1948. During the war, Szyja, a Polish citizen, had briefly been held by the Germans. He escaped to the Soviet Union, where he stayed until 1945.  

    Family Photo Taken at the Rivoli DP Camp
  • Jewish DPs Aboard a Ship Traveling to Tricase

    Photo

    Austrian and German Jewish displaced persons (DPs)—who had survived the war in Albania—pose aboard a British ship taking them to the Tricase DP camp in Italy, September 28, 1945.  

    Jewish DPs Aboard a Ship Traveling to Tricase
  • Diploma certifying vocational training issued to a DP

    Photo

    Diploma issued by the International Refugee Organization (IRO) certifying that Naftali Froimowicz was trained as a shoemaker in Turin, Italy on November 14, 1949. Froimowicz lived in several displaced persons (DP) camps in Italy after the war.   

    Diploma certifying vocational training issued to a DP
  • Group Portrait at the Gabersee DP Camp

    Photo

    Group portrait of children and adults at the Hebrew school in the Gabersee displaced persons (DP) camp in Germany. Among those pictured is Bronia Spielman (front row, second from the left), circa 1946–1949.

    Group Portrait at the Gabersee DP Camp
  • Couples with their new babies in the Gabersee DP camp

    Photo

    Three couples pose with their babies in the Gabersee displaced persons (DP) camp in Germany, 1947. In the center are David and Bella Perl (later spelled Pearl), who met and married after the war, with their daughter, Rachel. During the Holocaust, Bella Scheiner and her family were deported to Auschwitz. From there, she was sent to forced labor at Reichenbach, a sub-camp of Gross-Rosen. Bella met David—who had lost his wife and child during the war—while working at a photography studio after…

    Couples with their new babies in the Gabersee DP camp
  • An Alliance Israelite School in Morocco

    Photo

    Laurette Cohen (front row, far right) poses with her students at an Alliance Israelite School in Morocco. 1935.  Laurette was born in Oran, Algeria, 1911. In 1932, she married Prosper Cohen (born in Meknes in 1909). They were both teachers for the Alliance Israelite Universelle Schools in Morocco. Their daughter, Mathilde, was born in Tangiers on August 31, 1933. Before 1939, the family lived in Meknes and Fez. Later, Laurette and Prosper were sent to teach in other different locations where they were…

    An Alliance Israelite School in Morocco
  • Studio wedding portrait of Reine and Yishua Ghozlan

    Photo

    Prewar wedding portrait of Reine and Yishua Ghozlan in Constantine, Algeria, on March 29, 1932. The couple experienced antisemitism in the prewar years, and in 1933 Reine and Yishua survived a deadly pogrom by hiding with French Christian friends. After the start of World War II, Yishua was thrown out of his position in the post office. Reine, Yishua, and their children were evicted from their apartment.

    Studio wedding portrait of Reine and Yishua Ghozlan
  • Prewar family photograph taken in Constantine, Algeria

    Photo

    Reine (seated in window) and Yishua Ghozlan (standing) were married in Constantine, Algeria, on March 29, 1932. They are pictured here with two of their parents.  The couple experienced antisemitism in the prewar years, and in 1933 Reine and Yishua survived a deadly pogrom by hiding with French Christian friends. After the start of World War II, Yishua was thrown out of his position in the post office. Reine, Yishua, and their children were evicted from their apartment.

    Prewar family photograph taken in Constantine, Algeria
  • Joseph Roger Cheraki

    Photo

    Joseph Roger Cheraki poses in the uniform of an Algerian soldier, ca. 1935. Joseph met Elizabeth Seiberl, and they married on October 27, 1936, in Algiers. In 1941, Joseph lost his job, their son Alfred was expelled from school, and they later had to sell their house. In 1942 Joseph, Elizabeth, and their sons Alfred and Jacques had to wear the yellow star. Boys threw stones at Alfred and Jacques. Joseph was sent to a forced-labor camp for a few months. He was eventually released. In 1946 the family…

    Joseph Roger Cheraki
  • A group of Tunisian schoolgirls

    Photo

    A group of Tunisian schoolgirls wearing aprons. Nadia Cohen is in the first row, third from the left. Tunis, Tunisia, ca. 1930-1935. Nadia Cohen was born on January 17, 1924, in Tunis. Nadia's parents came from Orthodox households, but her father left the yeshiva at the age of seven to study Italian, Arabic, and accounting in a French school. In 1938, Nadia was sent to a boarding school in France. She returned home for a visit in the summer of 1939 but could not return to school that fall due to the…

    A group of Tunisian schoolgirls
  • Prewar photograph of Terese Cohen with her two children

    Photo

    Terese Cohen, a Tunisian Jewish women, poses with her two children, Nadia and Marcel. Immediately after the Allied landings in Algeria and Morocco, the Germans occupied Tunisia. After the occupation, an SS officer came to the Cohen's house and confiscated everything leaving only the table and chairs for the Germans to use. They gave the family 24 hours to pack and leave and then expropriated the home to use as a barracks for soldiers.

    Prewar photograph of Terese Cohen with her two children
  • Forced labor in Tunisia

    Photo

    As a German soldier looks on, Tunisian Jews are forced to sweep the street and move a wooden crate on a hand cart. Tunisia, 1942-43. Photograph courtesy of Bundesarchiv, German Federal Archives

    Forced labor in Tunisia
  • Forced labor in Im Fout labor camp

    Photo

    Sami Dorra working at dam construction in the Im Fout labor camp. The camp was approximately 59 miles southwest of Casablanca, and housed a group of foreign workers. Im Fout, Morocco, 1941-42. 

    Tags: North Africa
    Forced labor in Im Fout labor camp
  • Im Fout labor camp

    Photo

    An unidentified worker walks by the railroad tracks at the Im Fout labor camp in Morocco. Living conditions were harsh in the camp, and many of the workers fell ill with typhus. Im Fout, Morocco, 1941-42. 

    Tags: North Africa
    Im Fout labor camp
  • Construction of a dam near the Im Fout labor camp

    Photo

    View of the dam being built by forced laborers from the Im Fout labor camp in Morocco. Photograph taken 1941-42. 

    Tags: North Africa
    Construction of a dam near the Im Fout labor camp
  • A German Jewish prisoner at forced labor in the Im Fout camp

    Photo

    A German Jewish prisoner named Rosenthal pushes a cart in the stone quarry of the Im Fout labor camp in Morocco. The camp housed a group of foreign workers, many of whom fell ill because of poor living conditions. Im Fout, Morocco, 1941-42. 

    Tags: North Africa
    A German Jewish prisoner at forced labor in the Im Fout camp
  • Two prisoners in the Im Fout labor camp

    Photo

    Close-up portrait of two prisoners in the Im Fout labor camp in Morocco. The camp was approximately 59 miles southwest of Casablanca, and housed a group of foreign workers. Many of the prisoners fell ill because of poor living conditions in the camp. Im Fout, Morocco, 1941-42.

    Tags: North Africa
    Two prisoners in the Im Fout labor camp
  • Jewish children study in a Hebrew school in Casablanca

    Photo

    This photo was taken during the journey of Bluma (Kleinhandler) and Zygmunt Godzinski from Poland to Argentina. Casablanca, Morocco, 1946. 

    Tags: North Africa
    Jewish children study in a Hebrew school in Casablanca
  • Street scene in Morocco

    Photo

    Street scene in Morocco, Casablanca, 1941-42. 

    Tags: North Africa
    Street scene in Morocco
  • Ayindram Betar summer camp in Tunisia

    Photo

    Children stand at attention during a flag raising ceremony at the Ayindram Betar summer camp. Tunisia, North Africa, 1946.   

    Tags: North Africa
    Ayindram Betar summer camp in Tunisia
  • African American soldiers pose in the Ebensee camp

    Photo

    African American soldiers pose next to an oven in the crematorium of the Ebensee concentration camp.

    African American soldiers pose in the Ebensee camp
  • HIAS immigration certificate

    Photo

    HIAS immigration certificate issued to Manius Notowicz in Munich, Germany. The document states that Notowicz will travel on the Marine Flasher on February 22, 1947, to New York City.    

    HIAS immigration certificate
  • Orchestra in the Janowska camp

    Photo

    Members of the orchestra at the Janowska concentration camp perform while standing in a circle around the conductor in the Appelplatz [roll call area]. Pictured at the right, in the light uniform, is camp commandant Warzok Franz. The Janowska orchestra included some of the leading Jewish musicians in Lvov, among them violinist Leonid Stricks and cellist Leon Eber. The SS forced the orchestra to perform during selections and actions and even "commissioned" a special composition to be played on these…

    Orchestra in the Janowska camp
  • Pastor Martin Niemöller

    Photo

    Pastor Martin Niemöller speaks to reporters after his release from a concentration camp. Germany, 1945.

    Pastor Martin Niemöller
  • Youth at vocational training in Kloster Indersdorf

    Photo

    The Kloster Indersdorft displaced persons camp opened in July 1945. By mid-September, 1945, 192 boys and girls from thirteen nations, including 49 Jewish children, were sheltered at Kloster Indersdorf, more than double what had been anticipated. Over the next year, the numbers increased to over 300. Five hours each day were allocated to education. Teachers were drawn from the staff as well as the local community.  Many of the children had few or no literacy skills; they also benefitted from art, music,…

    Youth at vocational training in Kloster Indersdorf
  • Identification card issued to Oskar Russ in the Feldafing displaced persons' camp

    Photo

    Identification card issued to Oskar Russ in the Feldafing displaced persons' camp. Oskar Russ was born in Poland in 1907. During the Holocaust, he was imprisoned in the Dachau concentration camp. After liberation, he was in the Feldafing displaced persons camp before immigrating in 1947 to the United States with his wife (whom he had married in Feldafing).

    Identification card issued to Oskar Russ in the Feldafing displaced persons' camp
  • Portrait of Rabbi Shimon Huberband

    Photo

    Portrait of Rabbi Shimon Hoberband, who was involved in the activities of Emanuel Ringelblum's Oneg Shabbat archives in the Warsaw ghetto.

    Portrait of Rabbi Shimon Huberband
  • Reich Party Day parade

    Photo

    Spectators cheer passing SA formations during a Reichsparteitag (Reich Party Day) parade in Nuremberg.

    Reich Party Day parade
  • Racial identification

    Photo

    A technician determines the racial makeup of a young woman by the color of her hair.

    Racial identification
  • "Degenerate Art" Exhibition

    Photo

    Visitors view the "Degenerate Art" exhibition (Entartete Kunst) at the Munich Hofgarten in July 1937. Works by Lovis Corinth and Franz Marc are visible, among others.

    "Degenerate Art" Exhibition
  • Propaganda slide

    Photo

    Propaganda slide which contrasts a person of mixed race (left) with a healthy "Aryan" youth (right).

    Propaganda slide
  • Prisoners of the Gestapo

    Photo

    Prisoners march in the courtyard of the Gestapo headquarters in Nuremberg. The original caption to the photograph reads: "The courtyard of the Gestapo headquarters, Nurnberg. These appear to be Frenchmen taken to Germany as slave laborers".  

    Prisoners of the Gestapo
  • Group portrait taken in prewar Warsaw

    Photo

    Group portrait of women and children standing outside in Warsaw before the war. Warsaw, Poland, ca. 1938. 

    Group portrait taken in prewar Warsaw
  • Crowd in Berlin during the anti-Jewish boycott

    Photo

    Germans in front of a Jewish-owned department store in Berlin during the anti-Jewish boycott. Berlin, Germany, April 1, 1933.

    Tags: antisemitism
    Crowd in Berlin during the anti-Jewish boycott
  • Postcard of Evian-les-Bains

    Photo

    Period postcard of Evian-les-Bains, the site of the 1938 International Conference on Refugees.

    Postcard of Evian-les-Bains
  • Adolf Hitler addresses an SA rally

    Photo

    Adolf Hitler addresses an SA rally. Dortmund, Germany, 1933. 

    Adolf Hitler addresses an SA rally
  • Cordell Hull signs neutrality proclamation

    Photo

    Portrait of Secretary of State Cordell Hull signing President Franklin D. Roosevelt's neutrality proclamation. September 5, 1939.   

    Cordell Hull signs neutrality proclamation
  • Dr. Mohamed Helmy

    Photo

    Portrait of Dr. Mohamed Helmy. Helmy was an Egyptian physician living in Berlin. He worked together with Frieda Szturmann, a local German woman, to help save a Jewish family.

    Dr. Mohamed Helmy
  • Dr. Mohamed Helmy and Emmi Ernst

    Photo

    Dr. Mohamed Helmy and his wife, Emmi Ernst. During the Nazi era, they were forbidden from marrying because Dr. Helmy was not an Aryan. They were finally able to marry after the end of World War II. 

    Tags: rescue
    Dr. Mohamed Helmy and Emmi Ernst
  • Anna Gutman (Boros) visits her rescuer Dr. Mohamed Helmy in 1968

    Photo

    Anna Gutman (Boros) (left) and her daughter, Carla (second from left), visit with Dr. Mohamed Helmy (second from right) and his wife, Emmi (right), in Berlin in 1968. Dr. Helmy hid Gutman in his home for the duration of World War II.

    Anna Gutman (Boros) visits her rescuer Dr. Mohamed Helmy in 1968
  • Anna Gutman (Boros) visits her rescuer Dr. Mohamed Helmy in 1980

    Photo

    Anna Gutman (Boros) (seated, center), her daughter, and son-in-law visit Dr. Mohamed Helmy (seated, left) and his wife, Emmi (seated, right), in Berlin in 1980. Dr. Helmy hid Gutman in his home for the duration of World War II.

    Tags: rescue
    Anna Gutman (Boros) visits her rescuer Dr. Mohamed Helmy in 1980
  • Freedom of Press

    Photo

    (1941-1942) Crowded newsstands in the United States such as these held journals representing various political parties and ideologies. Americans had access to many different perspectives about what was happening at home and abroad during the war.

    Freedom of Press
  • German tanks during Operation Barbarossa

    Photo

    German tanks pass a burning Russian village during Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, in the summer of 1941. © IWM (HU 111382)

    German tanks during Operation Barbarossa
  • Our Springtime

    Song

    Mordecai Gebirtig, Yiddish folk poet and songwriter, was born in 1877 in Krakow, Poland. Gebirtig was confined in the Krakow ghetto in March 1942. He wrote "Our Springtime" in April 1942. The lyrics describe the bleakness and despair of ghetto life.

  • Shifrele's Portrait

    Song

    Yiddish folk poet and songwriter Mordecai Gebirtig was born in 1877 in Krakow, Poland. He wrote "Shifrele's Portrait" was written in Krakow in December 1939, shortly after the outbreak of World War II. Gebirtig's eldest daughter, Shifre, lived in Lvov, and was separated from her family when the Soviets annexed Lvov. In this brief song, Gebirtig, gazing at his daughter's photograph, imagines himself in conversation with her. She assures him that the war will end soon, and that parent and child will be…

  • Your Kitten is Hungry

    Song

    Mordecai Gebirtig, born in 1877 in Krakow, Poland, was a Yiddish folk poet and songwriter. Gebirtig had three daughters, for whom he wrote and performed his poems. The words were set to improvised melodies, and most of his songs resemble entries in a diary. Many of Gebirtig's poems contain themes of eastern European Jewish life in the 1920s and 1930s. The lullaby "Your Kitten is Hungry" dates from the early 1920s. The lyrics, addressed to a hungry child, evoke the themes of hunger and deprivation.

  • Avreml the Pickpocket

    Song

    Mordecai Gebirtig, born in 1877 in Krakow, Poland, was a Yiddish folk poet and songwriter. Gebirtig had three daughters, for whom he wrote and performed his poems. The words were set to improvised melodies, and most of his songs resemble entries in a diary. Many of Gebirtig's poems contain themes of eastern European Jewish life in the 1920s and 1930s. The lyrics to "Avreml the Pickpocket" address two social issues, crime and the collapse of family life, arguing that both find their roots in poverty and…

  • Rejoice, Make Merry, Children

    Song

    Mordecai Gebirtig, born in 1877 in Krakow, Poland, was a Yiddish folk poet and songwriter. Gebirtig had three daughters, for whom he wrote and performed his poems. The words were set to improvised melodies, and most of his songs resemble entries in a diary. Many of Gebirtig's poems contain themes of eastern European Jewish life in the 1920s and 1930s. The lyrics to "Rejoice, Make Merry, Children" contain a springtime motif that recurred in other Gebirtig works. In the lyrics, an elderly narrator urges…

  • Moments of Despair

    Song

    Yiddish folk poet and songwriter Mordecai Gebirtig was born in Krakow, Poland, in 1877. "Moments of Despair" was written in Krakow in September 1940 on the first anniversary of the German invasion of Poland. The lyrics to this piece comment upon a year of persecution and the uncertainty of the future.

  • Moments of Confidence

    Song

    This piece was written in Krakow on October 2, 1940. Mordecai Gebirtig wrote this song to raise the spirits of the persecuted Jewish community in Krakow. The poet's reference to "Haman" alludes to the ancient Persian enemy of the Jewish people.

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