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Deportation of Jews from Bielefeld in Germany to Riga in Latvia. Bielefeld, Germany, December 13, 1941.
Deportation of Jews to Riga, Latvia. Bielefeld, Germany, December 13, 1941.
Deportation of the last Jewish inhabitants of Hohenlimburg, the Lowenstein and Meyberg families. Germany, April 23, 1942.
Deportation of German Jews from Hanau to Theresienstadt. Hanau, Germany, May 30, 1942.
Deportation of German Jews from the train station in Hanau to Theresienstadt. Hanau, Germany, May 30, 1942.
Scene during the deportation of German Jews to Theresienstadt ghetto. Jewish deportees from the Hanau, Gelnhausen and Schluechtern districts wait with their luggage on the platform at the Hanau station before boarding the deportation train. Hanau, Germany, May 30, 1942.
Mourners crowd around a narrow trench as coffins of pogrom victims are placed in a common grave, following a mass burial service. Kielce, Poland, after July 4, 1946.
A hospital ward in Kielce after a postwar pogrom. Kielce, Poland, July 6, 1946.
One of the many Jewish schools established by the Joint Distribution Committee in central and eastern Europe for children who had lost their parents during World War I. Rovno, Poland, after 1920.
Women and children gather at the door of a soup kitchen maintained by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. The text in Yiddish reads "The fortunate ones with full bowls." Zelechow, Poland, 1940.
William Bein, director of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) in Poland, with children at the Srodborow home for Jewish children, near Warsaw. The home was financed by the JDC. Srodborow, Poland, 1946.
US Army and Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) representatives distribute milk to refugees. Vienna, Austria, October 26, 1945.
Harry Weinsaft of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee gives food to a young Jewish refugee. Vienna, Austria, postwar.
Boxes of matzah in a Joint Distribution Committee warehouse before distribution to Jewish survivors in displaced persons camps. Place uncertain, postwar.
A Jewish youth on an agricultural training farm that prepared Jewish refugees for life in Palestine, sponsored by the Joint Distribution Committee. Fuerth, Germany, June 13, 1946.
An agricultural training farm to prepare Jewish refugees for life in Palestine, sponsored by the Joint Distribution Committee. Fuerth, Germany, June 13, 1946.
Jewish youth attend a class on transplanting seedlings, part of a general course in farming sponsored by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee at the Bergen-Belsen displaced persons camp. Germany, August 1, 1946.
The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee pharmacy in the displaced persons camp at Bergen-Belsen. Germany, August 14, 1947.
Jews interned in Cyprus prepare for Passover with supplies provided by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. Cyprus, after 1945.
Morris Laub (right), American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee director for Cyprus, reviews supplies sent for the 12,000 Jews still interned on the island. Cyprus, December 9, 1948.
The ruins of a synagogue destroyed by the Germans in 1943. The synagogue, originally built in 1853, was rebuilt after the war with the help of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. Volos, Greece, 1944.
Prisoners from Austria, marked with triangles and identifying patches, in the Dachau concentration camp. Germany, April 1938.
Photograph of Julian Noga, a Polish prisoner (marked with an identifying patch bearing a "P" for Pole) imprisoned in the Flossenbürg concentration camp. Germany, between August 1942 and April 1945.
The St. Louis, carrying German Jewish refugees denied entry into Cuba and the United States, arrives in Antwerp. Belgian police guard the gangway to prevent passengers' relatives from boarding the ship. Belgium, June 17, 1939.
Unemployed men queued outside of a depression soup kitchen in Chicago.
A long line of people waiting to be fed in New York City.
A farmer and his sons walk in the face of a dust storm. Cimarron County, Oklahoma. 1936
"Between Weedpatch and Lamont, Kern County, California. Children living in camp" by Dorothea Lange, April 20, 1940.
This 1938 racist illustration compares “German Youth” with “Jewish Youth.” It is subtitled, “From the face speaks the soul of the race.” It comes from Alfred Vogel's text Inheritance and Racial Hygiene. The Nazis used racist theories to label groups of people as inferior and as the "enemy." The Nazis claimed that "superior" races had not just the right but the obligation to subdue and even exterminate "inferior" ones.
Illustration from an antisemitic German children's book, Der Giftpilz (The Poisonous Mushroom), used to indoctrinate children in the Nazi worldview. It was published in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1935. The caption to the image on the page shown here reads: "The Jewish nose is crooked, it looks like a 6."
The New Synagogue in Trieste, Italy. It opened in 1912 and was desecrated by the Nazis on July 18, 1942. Trieste, Italy, July 18, 1942.
Poster calling for a boycott of German goods. Issued by the Jewish War Veterans of the United States. New York, United States, between 1937 and 1939.
A large crowd gathers in front of the Rathaus to hear the exhortations of Julius Streicher during the Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler's early unsuccessful attempt to seize power. Munich, Germany, November 1923.
Adolf Hitler, Julius Streicher (foreground, right), and Hermann Göring (left of Hitler) retrace the steps of the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch (coup). Munich, Germany, November 9, 1934.
Adolf Hitler and other participants in the Hitler Putsch, during the annual anniversary celebration of his failed attempt to seize power. Behind Hitler stand Rudolf Hess (left) and Heinrich Himmler. Munich, Germany, November 9, 1934.
Participants in the July 1944 plot to assassinate Hitler on trial before the People's Court of Berlin. Berlin, Germany, August–September 1944.
Reproduction of the first page of an addendum to the Reich Citizenship Law of September 15, 1935. This is the first of 13 addenda to the original legislation that were issued from November 1935 to July 1943 in order to implement the policy aims of the Reich Citizenship Law.
Chart with the title "Die Nürnberger Gesetze" [Nuremberg Race Laws]. In the fall of 1935, German Jews lost their citizenship according to the definitions posed in these new regulations. Only "full" Germans were entitled to the full protection of the law. This chart was used to aid Germans in understanding the laws. White circles represent "Aryan" Germans, black circles represent Jews, and partially shaded circles represent “mixed raced” individuals. The chart has columns explaining the…
Eugenics poster entitled "The Nuremberg Law for the Protection of Blood and German Honor." The illustration is a stylized map of the borders of central Germany upon which is imposed a schematic of the forbidden degrees of marriage between Aryans and non-Aryans and the text of the Law for the Protection of German Blood. The German text at the bottom reads, "Maintaining the purity of blood insures the survival of the German people."
33rd Nazi propaganda slide of a Hitler Youth educational presentation entitled "Germany Overcomes Jewry." The text in German reads: "Zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes vor fremdrassiger Vermischung erliess der Fuhrer die." Translation: "For the protection of German blood against alien race mixing the Führer issued Nuremberg Laws."
This image shows a 1935 poster by the antisemitic Der Stürmer (Attacker) newspaper. The poster justifies prohibiting “interracial” relationships between Jews and non-Jews under the Nuremberg Race Laws. Many Germans reported suspicions of the “crime” of interracial relationships to the police. The police needed the public to be their “eyes and ears” in this and other matters. Informers were variously motivated by political beliefs, personal prejudices, the desire to settle petty quarrels, or…
Fritz Glueckstein (left) on a picnic with his family in Berlin, Germany, 1932. Fritz's father was Jewish—he attended services in a liberal synagogue—and his mother was Christian. Under the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, Fritz would be classified as mixed-raced (Mischling), but since his father was a member of the Jewish religious community, Fritz was classified as a Jew.
Two Jewish girls (cousins Margot and Lotte Cassel) ready for their first day of school in Breslau, Germany, ca. 1937. As was traditional for all children in Germany, the cones were filled with treats to celebrate their first day of school. Margot's father, Saul, worked in the Tietz department store until he was dismissed following the enactment of the Nuremberg Laws.
Funeral procession for victims of the Kielce pogrom. Kielce, Poland, July 1946.
Mourners and local residents shovel dirt into the mass grave of the victims of the Kielce pogrom during the public burial.
The cover of a diary written by Elizabeth Kaufmann while living with the family of Pastor André Trocmé in Le Chambon-sur-Lignon. Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, France, 1940–41.
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