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Portrait of five-year-old Mania Halef, a Jewish child, who was later killed during the mass execution at Babi Yar.
On September 15, 1947, defendant Paul Blobel pleads not guilty during his arraignment at the Einsatzgruppen Trial. Blobel was the commander of the unit responsible for the massacre at Babi Yar (near Kiev). He was convicted by the military tribunal at Nuremberg and sentenced to death. Blobel was hanged at the Landsberg prison on June 8, 1951.
Defendant Paul Blobel at the Einsatzgruppen Trial, case #9 of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings.
Some 7,000 Jewish men ordered to register for forced labor assemble in Liberty Square in German-occupied Salonika. Salonika, Greece, July 1942.
View of the destroyed Jewish cemetery in German-occupied Salonika. The tombstones would be used as building materials. Salonika, Greece, after December 6, 1942.
A Greek Jewish couple with compulsory yellow stars on their clothing. Salonika, Greece, between February and June 1943.
Entrance to the Breendonk internment camp. Breendonk, Belgium, 1940-1944.
A postwar photograph of the Breendonk internment camp in Belgium. In August 1940, the Germans, who had occupied Belgium in May of that year, turned the fortress into a detention camp.
Former Jewish partisan leader Abba Kovner testifies for the prosecution during the trial of Adolf Eichmann. May 4, 1961.
During his trial, defendant Adolf Eichmann reads a chart outlining the administrative hierarchy of the German Third Reich. Jerusalem, Israel. June 27 1961.
Abraham Lewenson testifying at the trial of Adolf Eichmann. Jerusalem, Israel, June 2, 1961. The Eichmann trial created international interest, bringing Nazi atrocities to the forefront of world news. Testimonies of Holocaust survivors generated interest in Jewish resistance. The trial prompted a new openness in Israel as the country confronted this traumatic chapter.
Defendant Adolf Eichmann identifies the city of Danzig (Gdansk) on a map during his trial in Jerusalem. Israel, July 18, 1961.
Inmates at forced labor in the Ravensbrück concentration camp. Germany, between 1940 and 1942.
A column of Jewish forced laborers. Sarospatok, Hungary, 1941.
Returning from work in a stone quarry, forced laborers carry stones more than six miles to the Buchenwald concentration camp. Germany, date uncertain.
Jewish forced laborers in the quarry of a forced-labor camp established by the Hungarian government. Tokaj, Hungary, 1940.
Jews from a Slovak labor battalion working at road building. Slovakia, December 1941.
Prisoners at forced labor in the Siemens factory. Auschwitz camp, Poland, 1940–44.
Jewish forced laborers at work making shoes in a ghetto workshop. Kovno, Lithuania, December 1943.
"Ostarbeiter" (eastern workers) were mostly eastern European women brought to Germany for forced labor. They wore an "OST" identification patch (lower center of photograph) Germany, after 1942.
Aerial view of the city of Rotterdam after it was bombed by the Luftwaffe (the German Air Force). Rotterdam, the Netherlands, May–June 1940.
View of Rotterdam after German bombing in May 1940. Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 1940.
View of Rotterdam after German bombing during the Western Campaign in May 1940. Rotterdam, the Netherlands, May 1940.
View of Rotterdam after bombing by the German Luftwaffe in May 1940. Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 1940.
View of Rotterdam after bombing by the German Luftwaffe in May 1940. Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 1940.
A view of part of the Maginot Line, a French defensive wall built after World War I. It was intended to deter a German invasion. France, ca. June 1940.
After the defeat of France, a German soldier examines French fortifications along the Maginot Line, a series of fortifications along the border with Germany. France, 1940.
A view of the Maginot Line, a French defensive wall built after World War I. It was intended to deter a German invasion. France, 1940.
Adolf Hitler and his personal architect, Albert Speer, in Paris shortly after the fall of France. Paris, France, June 23, 1940.
Antisemitic poster equating Jews with communism. The poster calls for the boycotting of Jewish interests. United States, 1939.
Antisemitic propaganda in the United States that presents President Franklin D. Roosevelt's declaration of a state of unlimited national emergency as the product of an international Jewish conspiracy to save world Jewry and to bring destruction upon America. United States, ca. 1938–41. Among the antisemitic declarations on the caricature are: "Jews Are The Cause of High Taxes - Slavery - Starvation and Death ---" "How long will the American people continue to tolerate this…
An antisemitic isolationist publication in the United States, ca. 1938–41. It blames Jews and Jewish interests for the war and advocates the boycott of Jewish businesses.
British Jewish leader Sidney Silverman forwarded to American Jewish leader Stephen Wise this copy of a cable originating from Gerhart Riegner, World Jewish Congress representative in Geneva. Riegner had sent through their respective governments two cables warning Silverman and Wise of Nazi plans to exterminate European Jewry. The US State Department delayed delivery of the cable from Riegner to Wise, who initially received this version. United States, August 29, 1942.
Jan Karski (standing), underground courier for the Polish government-in-exile. He informed the west in the fall of 1942 about Nazi atrocities against Jews taking place in Poland. Pictured in his office in Washington, DC, United States, 1944.
Breckinridge Long (1881–1958). Long was an Assistant Secretary in the US State Department during World War II, from 1940-1944. Between 1939 and 1942, Breckinridge Long implemented new State Department policies which prioritized US national security over humanitarian concerns. Photograph taken in Washington, DC, United States, August 1943.
German children, behind an SS man, watch as religious objects from the Zeven synagogue are set on fire during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"). Zeven, Germany, November 10, 1938.
The synagogue in Oberramstadt (a town in southwestern Germany) burns during Kristallnacht. Oberramstadt, Germany, November 9-10, 1938.
Jewish-owned shop destroyed during Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass" pogrom. Berlin, Germany, November 1938.
Interior of a synagogue destroyed during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"). Dortmund, Germany, November 1938.
A knitwear store that was emptied and destroyed during the January 21-23 Iron Guard pogrom. Bucharest, Romania, January 1941.
Sephardic synagogue destroyed during the January 21-23 Iron Guard pogrom. Bucharest, Romania, January 1941.
A woman mourns by the coffins of Jews who died in the Kielce pogrom. Poland, July 6, 1946.
Coffins containing bodies of Jews killed in the Kielce pogrom. Poland, July 6, 1946. The mass violence of the Kielce pogrom drew on an entrenched local history of antisemitism–especially false allegations accusing Jews of using the blood of Christian children for ritual purposes (a charge known as a “blood libel”)–with the intent of discouraging the return of Jewish Holocaust survivors to Poland.
An antisemitic illustration from a Nazi film strip. The caption, translated from German, states: "As an alien race Jews had no civil rights in the middle ages. They had to reside in a restricted section of town, in a ghetto." Place and date uncertain.
Chart showing the breakdown of Jews and Jews of "mixed race" (Mischlinge) within the total German population of 1939.
Dr. Joseph Jaksy, who rescued 25 Jews during the war. He provided them with hiding places, money, medicine and forged identification papers. Jaksy was named "Righteous Among the Nations." Czechoslovakia, prewar.
Dr. Joseph Jaksy poses with (from left to right) Valeria Suran, Lydia Suran, and his wife. The Suran sisters were among 25 Jews Dr. Jaksy rescued during the war. Czechoslovakia, date uncertain.
Rabbi Marcus Melchior, Danish chief rabbi, who warned his congregants that the Germans intended to round up Denmark's Jews. Melchior himself went into hiding and escaped to Sweden. Copenhagen, Denmark, before 1943.
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