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Leading German officials were tried before the International Military Tribunal (IMT) in Nuremberg, Germany. The IMT consisted of judges from Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. The overwhelming majority of post 1945 war crimes trials, however, involved lower-level officials and officers. Among them were concentration camp guards and commandants, police officers, members of the mobile killing squads, and doctors who participated in medical experiments. These war criminals were…
Benjamin Meed, member of the resistance in Warsaw and later a leader of the survivor community, was a founder of the US Holocaust Memorial Museum.
In 1978, the President's Commission on the Holocaust was charged with submitting a report on the creation of a Holocaust memorial in the US. Read excerpts.
Survivor Elie Wiesel devoted his life to educating the world about the Holocaust. Explore key events in the world and his life from 1952 until his death in 2016.
Elie Wiesel was a human rights activist, author, and teacher who reflected on his experience during the Holocaust in more than 40 books. Learn more.
Is the “Final Solution” the same as the Holocaust? Did the Nazis always plan to murder the Jews? Learn the answer to these and other questions about the Nazi “Final Solution.”
Series of resources about Anne Frank and about the experiences of children during the Holocaust.
Many German businesses were involved in the policies of the Third Reich. Learn about Topf and Sons, which sold ovens to the SS for major concentration camps in Germany.
Members of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council pose with two milkcans containing a Scroll of Remembrance signed by Holocaust survivors at a symbolic groundbreaking ceremony for the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Benjamin Meed is second from the left. Washington, DC, April 30, 1984. During groundbreaking ceremonies in April 1985, the containers were buried on the site of the Museum.
In the decades following the Holocaust, the search for perpetrators continued. As they reach the end of their lives, the vast majority of Nazi offenders have escaped punishment.
The Wannsee Protocol documents the 1942 Wannsee Conference participants and indicates their agreement to collaborate on a continental scale in the Final Solution.
The word antisemitism means prejudice against or hatred of Jews. The Holocaust is history’s most extreme example of antisemitism.These artifacts reflect some of the anti-Jewish policies that permeated daily life in the period of the Holocau...
The word antisemitism means prejudice against or hatred of Jews. The Holocaust is history’s most extreme example of antisemitism. In these oral histories, survivors...
Benjamin Meed, Holocaust survivor and leader of the survivor community, was a founder of the U...
Flags of liberating divisions are presented during a ceremony at the Museum's Tribute to Holocaust Survivors: Reunion of a Special Family. This tribute was one of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's tenth anniversary events. Washington, DC, November 2003.
Brief overview of the charges against Walther Funk, economics minister and national bank president, during the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.
Learn about some of the Righteous Among the Nations, non-Jewish individuals who have been honored by Yad Vashem, Israel's Holocaust memorial, for risking their lives to aid Jews during the Holocaust.
Learn about US Army Divisions that have been recognized as liberating units by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and the US Army's Center of Military History.
On March 11, 1943, over 3,000 of Monastir’s Jews were deported to Treblinka. Learn more about the history of the community and postwar memorialization.
The search for refuge frames both the years before the Holocaust and its aftermath. Learn about obstacles refugees faced when searching for safe havens.
Miles Lerman was a Holocaust survivor, partisan fighter in the forests of Poland, international leader in the cause of Holocaust remembrance, and a "founding father" of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
The 4th Armored Division participated in major WWII campaigns and is recognized for liberating the Ohrdruf subcamp of Buchenwald in 1945.
Adolf Eichmann, a pivotal figure in the implementation of the “Final Solution,” was put on trial in Jerusalem, Israel, in 1961. Learn about the trial and its legacies.
Thousands of Nazi criminals were never arrested. Learn more about the postwar efforts to bring Nazi perpetrators to justice.
Learn more about Aliyah Bet, the clandestine immigration of Jews to Palestine between 1920 and 1948, when Great Britain controlled the area.
Kitty Weichherz, pictured here in a photograph taken before World War II began, was born in December 1929. This photo was taken from a diary of Kitty's life written by her father, Bela Weichherz. After Kitty's birth, Bela started to keep a diary of his daughter's life. He made entries recording her childhood in Czechoslovakia until the family was separated and deported during the Holocaust. His last entry reads "I only wish that we can go together." Kitty and all of her immediate family perished in the…
Prewar portrait of Norman's parents, Isak and Ester, taken in Kolbuszowa, Poland, in 1934 when Isak's brother visited from America. Isak's six siblings all emigrated to America. Isak and Esther, who remained in Kolbuszowa, both perished during the Holocaust: Isak was killed in the Kolbuszowa ghetto on April 28, 1942, and Esther was killed in the Belzec killing center in July 1942. With the end of World War II and collapse of the Nazi regime, survivors of the Holocaust faced the daunting task of…
August 15, 1945. On this date, Alice Goldberger, a relief worker and Holocaust survivor, received some of the first children survivors to England
After World War II, Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann escaped US custody and fled to Argentina. He was caught by Israeli agents in 1960 and tried in Israel. For his pivotol role in the Holocaust, Eichmann was convicted and sentenced to death. Many historians credit coverage of the Eichmann trial with awakening public interest in the Holocaust.
Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann was caught by Israel agents in Argentina in 1960 and stood trial in Israel. For his pivotol role in the Holocaust, Eichmann was convicted and sentenced to death. The trial was widely televised and drew international attention to Nazi atrocities. Many historians credit coverage of the trial with awakening public interest in the Holocaust.
Elie Wiesel became Founding Chairman of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council in 1980. Here, he speaks at a ceremony held during the Tribute to Holocaust Survivors, one of the Museum's tenth anniversary events. Flags of US Army liberating divisions form the backdrop to the ceremony. Washington, DC, November 2003.
Architect James Ingo Freed designed the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Before WWII, over 3,500 Jews lived in Luxembourg. Under the German occupation, this community was almost completely destroyed. Learn more.
Jewish children in hiding during the Holocaust created writing, art, diaries, and more. Read about the surviving documentation of their experiences.
Holocaust survivor Simon Wiesenthal dedicated his life to raising public awareness of the need to hunt and prosecute Nazis who had evaded justice.
Oskar Schindler plants a tree on the Avenue of the Righteous Among the Nations at Yad Vashem. The Righteous Among the Nations are non-Jewish invididuals who have been honored by Yad Vashem, Israel's Holocaust memorial, for risking their lives to aid Jews during the Holocaust.
July 11, 1995. On this date, the Srebrenica massacre began. Bosnian Serb forces captured the town and killed approximately 8,000 Bosnian Muslims.
The following list of Jewish partisans features personal stories from the Jewish Partisan Educ...
Browse a series of articles describing how some Jews survived the Holocaust; rescue efforts; anti-Nazi resistance groups; and revolts against Nazi oppression in the Warsaw ghetto and in killing centers.
Explore a series of articles about diaries and journals kept during the Holocaust. Each diary reflects a fragment of its author's life.
The 10th Armored Division participated in major WWII campaigns and is recognized for liberating a subcamp of Dachau in 1945.
The 12th Armored Division participated in major WWII campaigns and is recognized for liberating a subcamp of Dachau in 1945.
The 20th Armored Division participated in major WWII campaigns and is recognized for liberating the Dachau concentration camp in 1945.
The 29th Infantry Division participated in major WWII campaigns and is recognized for liberating Dinslaken, a civilian labor camp, in 1945.
The 65th Infantry Division participated in major WWII campaigns and is recognized for liberating a subcamp of Flossenbürg in 1945.
The 103rd Infantry Division participated in major WWII campaigns and is recognized for liberating a subcamp of Kaufering in 1945.
The 3rd Armored Division participated in major WWII campaigns and is recognized for liberating the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp in 1945.
The 86th Infantry Division participated in major WWII campaigns and is recognized for liberating Attendorn, a civilian forced-labor camp, in 1945.
We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. View the list of all donors.