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August 21, 1940. On this date, Samuel Soltz's visa was stamped by Chiune Sugihara, the Japanese consul to Lithuania.
Hundreds of laws, decrees, guidelines, and regulations increasingly restricted the civil and human rights of Jews in Germany from 1933-39. Learn more.
In the 1980s and 1990s, historian Peter Black worked for the US Department of Justice Office of Special Investigations, as part of a team tracking and prosecuting suspected war criminals. Black later served as the Senior Historian at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Learn about US journalists, including Edward Murrow, William Shirer, and Dorothy Thompson, and their impact during the Nazi rise to power and WWII .
After 1940, Polish refugees were pressured to leave Lithuania. Learn more about the diplomats that assisted them and their journey to Japan.
Hermann Göring held many positions of power and leadership within the Nazi state. Learn about key dates in the life of Hermann Göring.
Eleanor Roosevelt, longest serving First Lady in US history, used her social and political influence to intervene on behalf of refugees before and during WWII.
Learn about the Jewish population of Denmark, the German occupation, and resistance and rescue in Denmark during WWII and the Holocaust.
The Nuremberg Special Court ruled on the Katzenberger Race Defilement Case in 1942. Learn more about the outcome and impact of the case.
The Röhm Purge (the “Night of the Long Knives") was the murder of the leadership of the SA (Storm Troopers), the Nazi paramilitary formation led by Ernst Röhm. Learn more.
Germany started World War II in Europe on September 1, 1939, by invading Poland. War would continue until 1945. Learn more about WWII and genocide in Europe.
The Einsatzgruppen Case was Case #9 of 12 Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings against leading German industrialists, military figures, SS perpetrators, and others.
Learn about the history of discrimination against Roma in Europe and how the Nazi regime committed genocide against European Roma during WWII.
Learn about the Freiburg subcamp of Flossenbürg, including its establishment, prisoner population, and conditions there.
Learn about the history of Sighet, birthplace of Elie Wiesel. The Jewish population of Sighet was deported to Auschwitz in May 1944. Most of the deportees were gassed on arrival.
In the spring of 1939, Gilbert and Eleanor Kraus rescued 50 Jewish children from Vienna, Austria, by bringing them to the United States. Learn about their mission.
Thomas was born to a Jewish family who moved to Paris when he was 6. His father's outspoken criticism of the fascist government and his affiliation with the Hungarian Communist Party led to the family's expulsion from Hungary in 1930. With the help of his father, a professor of modern languages, Thomas quickly learned French and excelled in school. He had a special interest in poetry and music. 1933-39: Thomas's father often argued against fascism, and he was greatly disturbed when Hitler became the…
The Law on the Head of State of the German Reich was the last step in destroying democracy in interwar Germany and making Adolf Hitler a dictator. Learn more.
The Decree against Public Enemies was a key step in the process by which the Nazi leadership moved Germany from a democracy to a dictatorship.
Trials of top surviving German leaders for Nazi Germany’s crimes began in Nuremberg after World War II. Read about the Nuremberg trials.
Approximately 9.5 million Jews lived in Europe in 1933, the year Hitler came to power. This number represented 1.7% of Europe's total population and more than 60 percent of the world's Jewish population. By 1945, most European Jews—2 out of every...
Gertruda Nowak was born to a Roman Catholic family in Poland. The Germans invaded her country on September 1, 1939. Gertruda's father was later accused of working for the Polish underground and taken away. The Germans then came for the rest of the...
On December 7, 1941, Japan launched an attack on the American navel base at Pearl Harbor. The following day, the United States declared war on Japan, entering into World War II.
On December 7, 1941, Japan launched an attack on the American navel base at Pearl Harbor. The following day, the United States declared war on Japan, entering into World War II.World War II in the Pacific ended when Japan surrendered on Sep...
A page from the transcript of the testimony given by Rudolf Höss at the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. At the trial, Höss testified about the gassing of Jews of Auschwitz, where he was commandant. He responded in German and communicated through a translator. Testimony dated April 2, 1946.
One of the milk cans used by Warsaw ghetto historian Emanuel Ringelblum to store and preserve the secret "Oneg Shabbat" ghetto archives.This milk can, identified as no. 2, was unearthed at 58 Nowolipki Street in Warsaw on December 1, 1950.
The 82nd Airborne Division is recognized as one of the 36 liberating units of the US Army during World War II. On May 2, 1945, troops of the 82nd Airborne and the 8th Infantry Division overran Wöbbelin, a subcamp of t...
Approximately 9.5 million Jews lived in Europe in 1933, the year Hitler came to power. This number represented 1.7% of Europe's total population and more than 60 percent of the world's Jewish population. By 1945, most European Jews—2 out of every 3—...
On December 7, 1941, Japan launched an attack on the American navel base at Pearl Harbor. The following day, the United States declared war on Japan, entering into World War II. World War II in the Pacific ended when Japan surrendered on Sep...
Courtroom sketch by artist David Rose of Nobel laureate and Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel on the witness stand at the trial of Klaus Barbie. During his testimony, Wiesel stated that "The killer kills twice. First, by killing, and then by trying to wipe out the traces." June 2, 1987.
Portrait of Vida Kalderon, wife of Yakov Kalderon. She lived at Orisarska 2 in Bitola. This photograph was one of the individual and family portraits of members of the Jewish community of Bitola, Macedonia, used by Bulgarian occupation authorities to register the Jewish population prior to its deportation in March 1943.
During the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, US runner Jesse Owens begins the 200-meter race in which he established a new Olympic record of 20.7 seconds. Berlin, Germany, August 2, 1936.
Five Jewish survivors pose for a US Signal Corps photographer in front of Block 2 in the Hanover-Ahlem camp, a subcamp of Neuengamme. Hanover-Ahlem, Germany, April 11, 1945.
Members of the US 9th Armored Division meet up with Soviet units near Linz, Austria. This photograph was taken by US Army Signal Corps photographer Arnold E. Samuelson. Austria, May 2, 1945.
Members of the US 9th Armored Division meet up with Soviet units near Linz, Austria. This photograph was taken by US Army Signal Corps photographer Arnold E. Samuelson. Austria, May 2, 1945.
The main gate of the Wöbbelin concentration camp. On May 2, 1945, the 8th Infantry Division and the 82nd Airborne Division encountered the Wöbbelin concentration camp. Photograph taken upon the liberation of the camp by US forces. Germany, May 4, 1945.
Henryk Ross testifies during Adolf Eichmann's trial. In addition to official duties as a photographer in the Department of Statistics in the Lodz ghetto, Ross secretly photographed scenes in the ghetto. To Ross' right is chief prosecutor Gideon Hausner, who holds some of Ross' photographs submitted as evidence. Jerusalem, Israel, May 2, 1961.
German troops marching into the Sudetenland stop at a former Czech frontier post. Nazi officials and Sudeten Germans salute the troops. The sign between the swastikas reads: "One People, One Reich, One Führer." Grottau, Czechoslovakia, October 2 or 3, 1938.
Abraham Lewenson testifying at the trial of Adolf Eichmann. Jerusalem, Israel, June 2, 1961. The Eichmann trial created international interest, bringing Nazi atrocities to the forefront of world news. Testimonies of Holocaust survivors generated interest in Jewish resistance. The trial prompted a new openness in Israel as the country confronted this traumatic chapter.
Jewish refugee children, part of a Children's Transport (Kindertransport) from Germany, soon after arriving in Harwich. Great Britain, December 2, 1938.
Jewish refugee children from Germany—part of a Children's Transport (Kindertransport)—at the holiday camp at Dovercourt Bay, near Harwich, shortly after their arrival in England. Dovercourt Bay, Great Britain, after December 2, 1938.
Liberated inmates of the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, located near Nordhausen, view an area where camouflaged V-1 and V-2 rocket parts were stored. Germany, after April 11, 1945.
Members of a US congressional committee investigating German atrocities view a V-2 rocket on the assembly line of an underground factory at the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, near Nordhausen. Germany, May 1, 1945.
Nazi Storm Troopers (SA) block the entrance to a trade union building that they have occupied. SA detachments occupied union offices nationwide, forcing the dissolution of the unions. Berlin, Germany, May 2, 1933.
Henry Morgenthau, Jr., treasury secretary in the Roosevelt administration and later chairman of the United Jewish Appeal, greets Jewish refugees en route from Shanghai to Israel. New York, United States, March 2, 1949.
Learn about Operation “Harvest Festival” (Aktion “Erntefest”), the Nazi attack against the remaining Jews of the Lublin District of the General Government.
The Law against the Founding of New Parties proclaimed the Nazi Party as the only political party in Germany, which became a one-party dictatorship led by the Nazis.
“Fire Oaths” were statements that declared why the works of certain authors were thrown into the flames during the 1933 burning of books under the Nazi regime.
Learn more about Jewish prisoners and the various uprisings and armed resistance movements in killing centers and other Nazi camps.
July 23, 1942. On this date, gassing operations began at the Treblinka killing center.
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