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Kovno had a rich and varied Jewish culture. Learn about the Soviet and German occupations of Kovno, ghettoization, secret archives, and resistance in Kovno during WWII and the Holocaust.
The Kielce pogrom was a violent massacre in the town of Kielce, Poland in 1946. Learn more about the events that led up to the attack and the aftermath.
The experiences of World War I and its aftermath would profoundly shape the attitudes and actions of leaders and ordinary people during the Holocaust.
Corrie ten Boom was recognized as a Righteous Among the Nations for her efforts to shelter Jews during the German occupation of the Netherlands
July 14, 1933. On this date, the German government passed the Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Hereditary Diseases.
Members of the British Auxiliary Territorial Service carry rifles shipped from the United States under the Lend-Lease Act. Lend-Lease was a US policy that extended material aid to the Allies before and after the United States entered World War II.
The Bergen-Belsen concentration camp was liberated by British forces on April 15, 1945. Approximately 50,000 people died at Bergen-Belsen during the camp's existence. When liberating troops entered the camp, they witnessed evidence of Nazi atrocit...
The Nazis carried out genocide against Europe’s Jews and persecuted and murdered other groups based on racial theories. Learn about the history of these murderous ideas.
When Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler became German chancellor on January 30, 1933, no step-by-step blueprint for the genocide of Jews as a “race” existed. After the outbreak of World War II, millions of Jews came und...
Learn about African Americans' experiences in Nazi Germany before and during World War II.
Learn more about Rudolf (Rezső) Kasztner (1906-1957) during World War II and his controversial efforts to help refugees escape Hungary in 1944.
Propaganda played a crucial role in selling the myth of the "national community" (Volksgemeinschaft) to so-called "Aryan" Germans. The photograph on this cigarette card was taken by Nazi propagandist Heinrich Hoffman. It depicts a crowd of people smiling and giving the Nazi salute as a guard holds them back. Written in German, the caption on the back reads, "Every day the same picture: Fans welcome the leader." Beginning in the 1920s, cigarette cards were a popular collectible item in Germany. This card…
Wearing numbers, the defendants in the Bergen-Belsen Trial sit in the courtroom in Lüneburg, Germany. The Belsen Trial began on September 17, 1945, and was one of the first war crimes trials held after World War II. IWM (HU 59545)
The word antisemitism means prejudice against or hatred of Jews. The Holocaust is history’s most extreme example of antisemitism. Learn more.
The Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls were developed as Nazi Party youth groups to indoctrinate children and youth in Nazi ideology and policy.
Book burning is the ritual destruction by fire of books or other written materials. The Nazi burning of books in May 1933 is perhaps the most famous in history. Learn more.
As Allied forces approached Nazi camps in the last months of WWII, the SS organized brutal “death marches” (forced evacuations) of concentration camp inmates.
The Nazis used poisonous gas to murder millions of people in gas vans or stationary gas chambers. The vast majority of those killed by gassing were Jews.
Learn about US journalists, including Edward Murrow, William Shirer, and Dorothy Thompson, and their impact during the Nazi rise to power and WWII .
Chil was born to a Jewish family in the industrial city of Łódź. His mother died before World War II, leaving his father to raise the family. Chil worked to help his father support his siblings. 1933-39: On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland. Chil fled Łódź with his younger sister Rivka to Pruszków, a small town 10 miles southwest of Warsaw. 1940-45: In October 1940, German authorities established an open ghetto in Pruszków. In January 1941, the Germans transported most of the Jews…
Ernest's father, František, was a professional musician who toured with a band and was often away for several months at a time. At home in Teplice-Šanov, a town in the Sudetenland on the Czechoslovak side of the Czechoslovak-German border, Ernest's mother Emilie took care of Ernest and Elizabeth (born 1927), his younger sister. Emilie also cared for the children's invalid grandmother, Friedericke, until she died in 1940 of natural causes. Ernest's maternal uncles, Rudolf and Viktor, helped the…
The National Socialist German Worker’s Party, also known as the Nazi Party, was the far-right racist and antisemitic political party led by Adolf Hitler.
Nazi leaders sought to control all spheres of German society, including art. They labeled art that did not meet the regime's criteria "degenerate." Learn more.
Beginning in the 1920s, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party emphasized their desire to create a Volksgemeinschaft (People’s or National Community) based on the foundations of race, ethnicity, and social behavior. Once in power, the Nazis aimed to shape a Volksgemeinschaft according to their ideological goals. Test
The Mauthausen concentration camp was established following the Nazi incorporation of Austria in 1938. Learn about the harsh conditions in the camp.
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain addresses a crowd at the Heston Aerodrome on September 30, 1938. He has just returned from signing the Munich Agreement with Germany, Italy, and France. Chamberlain will later deliver a statement at the prime minister’s residence at 10 Downing Street, where he famously proclaims, “I believe it is peace for our time.” IWM (HU 4255)
Winston Churchill (seated) at Westminster College on March 5, 1946, the day he delivered his “Iron Curtain” speech. Standing at the far right is US President Harry S. Truman. Behind them (left to right) are Admiral William D. Leahy, Captain Clark Clifford, and Major General Harry Vaughan. Photograph taken by Terry Savage. Fulton, Missouri.
The term genocide refers to violent crimes committed against groups with the intent to destroy the existence of the group. Learn about the origin of the term.
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sits in the Cabinet Room at 10 Downing Street. London, 1940. IWM (MH 26392)
Adolf Eichmann was a key figure in implementing the “Final Solution,” the Nazi plan to kill Europe's Jews. Learn more through key dates and events.
May 1940. Approximately 338,000 Allied troops evacuate Dunkirk with the help of British ships and boats.
September 7, 1940. On this date, Germany initiated the Blitz, a bombing campaign against Britain.
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (far right) and others view buildings damaged during the Blitz. The Blitz was a German bombing campaign over Britain that lasted from September 7, 1940, to May 11, 1941. London, September 8, 1940. IWM(H 3978)
Destroyers of the Royal Navy carry British troops evacuated from Dunkirk. Dover, England, May 31, 1940. IWM (H 1640)
David Bayer lived in Kozienice, Poland. Explore his biography and learn about his experiences during World War II and the Holocaust.
October 30, 1943. On this date, the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union signed the Moscow Declaration during the Third Moscow Conference.
August 14, 1941. On this date, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter establishing postwar priorities.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill during the Atlantic Conference on Placentia Bay in Newfoundland, Canada. Also pictured are the president’s sons, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. (far left) and Elliott Roosevelt (far right). August 9, 1941.
May 1937. Neville Chamberlain became British prime minister and followed a policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany.
April 26, 1933. On this date, the British ambassador to Germany warned the British government about the principles outlined in Hitler’s Mein Kampf.
July 10, 1940. On this date, Germany and Britain began fighting for air control of the English Channel in the Battle of Britain.
March 14, 1938. Days after Nazi Germany annexed Austria, Churchill delivered a warning about German aggression.
Adolf Hitler authorized the murder of people with disabilities sometime in autumn 1939 but backdated the order to the start of World War II.
August 18, 1939. On this date, German officials ordered the registration of infants and toddlers showing signs of mental or physical disabilities.
September 15, 1938. On this date, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met with Hitler at the German leader’s home in Berchtesgaden.
September 3, 1939. On this date, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany after the German invasion of Poland.
September 30, 1938. On this date, Neville Chamberlain addressed the public after signing the Munich Agreement, proclaiming "I believe it is peace for our time."
May 28, 1937. On this date, Neville Chamberlain succeeded Stanley Baldwin as British prime minister.
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