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View of the destroyed Jewish cemetery in German-occupied Salonika. The tombstones would be used as building materials. Salonika, Greece, after December 6, 1942.
Aerial photograph of the Auschwitz III (Monowitz) camp, which was adjacent to the I.G. Farben plant. The photograph was taken following US bombing missions. Poland, January 14, 1945.
Gustav Schroeder, captain of the St. Louis, on the day of the ship's departure from Hamburg. Neither Cuba nor the US granted refuge to the ship's passengers. Germany, May 13, 1939.
Refugees from Nazi Germany on board the St. Louis en route to Cuba. The passengers were denied entry into Cuba and the US and were forced to return to Europe. 1939.
Bone-crushing machine used by Sonderkommando 1005 to grind the bones of victims after their bodies were burned in the Janowska camp. August 1944.
The bodies of prisoners killed in the Nordhausen concentration camp lie in a mass grave dug by German civilians under orders from US troops. Nordhausen, Germany, April 13-14, 1945.
Members of a US congressional committee investigating German atrocities view the emaciated body of a dead prisoner at the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, near Nordhausen. Germany, May 1, 1945.
Jan Karski and General Colin Powell meet during the opening ceremonies of the US Holocaust Memorial Museum. Washington, DC, April 22, 1993.
A US soldier inspects piles of Nazi books, including Mein Kampf, that were found in a German school. As part of their denazification policies, Allied authorities purged German libraries, bookstores, and schools of Nazi propaganda. Aachen, Germany, May 2, 1945.
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin (left), US president Franklin D. Roosevelt (center), and British prime minister Winston S. Churchill (right) at the Tehran Conference. Tehran, Iran, between November 28 and December 1, 1943.
The Nazis used public displays to spread their ideas of race. The chart shown here is titled "The Biology of Growth," and is labeled "Stages of Growth for Members of the Nordic Race."
German women at work in the offices of the German Census Bureau. The board gives directions for tabulation: the center column instructs that number 3 is the indicator to be used for Jews. Germany, 1933.
A Hitler Youth poses for a photograph in the Rhineland city of Bruehl, 1934. The Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls were the primary tools that the Nazis used to shape the beliefs, thinking and actions of German youth.
Poster: Nuremberg / Guilty! After the end of the war and the defeat of Nazi Germany, Allied occupation authorities in Germany used posters such as this one to emphasize the criminal nature of the Nazi regime.
This photograph, part of the Auschwitz Album, was used as evidence in the Frankfurt trial. On the far right, you see Stefan Baretzki, a defendant in the trial, who was convicted partially because this photograph proves that he staffed the ramp.
Benjamin Meed (left) with Fred S. Zeidman, Colin L. Powell, Elie Wiesel, and Ruth B. Mandel at the 2003 Days of Remembrance ceremony in the US Capitol Rotunda.
Smoke billows out from US ships hit during the Japanese air attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, December 7, 1941.
Sack of wood flour (finely powdered wood or sawdust) used to make substitute bread. The official ration of this "bread" for Soviet prisoners of war was less than 5 ounces a day. Deblin, Poland, 1942 or 1943.
Wounded Soviet prisoners of war. The German army provided only minimal treatment, and permitted captured Soviet personnel to care for their own wounded using only captured medical supplies. Baranovichi, Poland, wartime.
US Chief of Counsel Brigadier General Telford Taylor during the Doctors Trial. Nuremberg, Germany, December 9, 1946-August 20, 1947.
The valuables displayed here were confiscated from prisoners by German guards at the Buchenwald concentration camp and later found by soldiers of the Third US Army after the liberation of the camp. Buchenwald, Germany, after April 1945.
Chief US Counsel Justice Robert Jackson delivers the prosecution's opening statement at the International Military Tribunal. Nuremberg, Germany, November 21, 1945.
Regina and her mother at the Busko-Zdroj spa (note that her mother used a cane and little Regina has been given a child's cane). Poland, early 1930s.
Explore a timeline of key events during 1946-1948. Learn about the aftermath of the Holocaust and the obstacles survivors faced.
Carl Clauberg, one of many German doctors involved in Nazi crimes, conducted medical experiments at Auschwitz toward developing a method of mass sterilization. Learn more.
German industrialist Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach was one of 24 leading German officials charged at the International Military Tribunal.
Louis Fischer was an American political historian. In May 1933, his work was burned in Nazi Germany for its sympathy toward Communism. Learn more.
After WWII, many Holocaust survivors, unable to return to their homes, lived in displaced persons camps in Germany, Austria, and Italy. Read about Heidenheim DP camp.
Followed closely by an SS bodyguard, Adolf Hitler greets supporters at the fourth Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg. Germany, August 1929. US Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of William O. McWorkman
A Hungarian Jewish youth identifies the body of his father, who was shot by the SS during a death march from Flossenbürg. Members of the US military prepare the victims' burial. Neunburg, Germany, April 25, 1945.
Schoolchildren wait in anticipation for the arrival of the US Ambassador to the United Nations and members of the UN Security Council, who have traveled to South Sudan to underscore their support for the January referendum on the region’s independence. October 9, 2010.
Browse a series of articles about the establishment of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg and the larger context of postwar trials.
The Nazis took control of the police and turned Germany into a dictatorship; implemented a racist ideology; and carried out brutal policies across annexed and occupied Europe. Learn more.
Learn about American women spanning a wide range of roles and activities or experiences during the Holocaust, from First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt to US Army nurse Pat Lynch.
An exhibition at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum demonstrated how the Nazis used the Protocols of the Elders of Zion to spread hatred of Jews. Washington, D.C., 2006-2018.
Architect Albert Speer joined the Nazi Party in 1930, becoming Hitler's personal architect. He was later Minister of Armaments and Munitions in Nazi Germany.
The Nazi regime carried out a campaign against male homosexuality and persecuted gay men between 1933 and 1945.
Miriam and her family fled their home when the Germans invaded Poland in 1939. They were interned by Soviet forces and deported to Siberia. Near the city of Tomsk, Miriam cut trees to earn food rations. When the Soviet Union went to war with Germany in June 1941, the Soviets released Miriam and her family. They sold their Red Cross rations for train fare and intended to return to Poland, but most of the family settled in Kazakhstan during the rest of the war. There, her father taught Hebrew to Jewish…
Lucine was born to a Jewish family in Lublin. Her father was a court interpreter and her mother was a dentist. War began with the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939. Lucine's home was raided by German forces shortly thereafter. Soon after the German occupation of Lublin, Jews there were forced to wear a compulsory badge identifying them as Jews. A ghetto in Lublin was closed off in January 1942. Lucine survived a series of killing campaigns and deportations from the ghetto during March and…
Selma was the youngest of four children born to Jewish parents. When she was 7, Selma and her family moved to the town of Zwolle where her parents ran a small hotel. When the Germans invaded the Netherlands in 1940, they confiscated the hotel. The family had to live in a poor Jewish section of the town. Selma went into hiding but was betrayed and then sent to the Westerbork camp. In April 1943 she was deported to Sobibor, where she worked in the clothes sorting area. There, the prisoners tried to pocket…
As a boy, Bill attended school in Burgsteinfurt, a German town near the Dutch border. After the Nazis came to power in Germany in January 1933, Bill experienced increasing antisemitism and was once attacked on his way to Hebrew school by a boy who threw a knife at him. In 1936, he and his family left Germany for the Netherlands, where they had relatives and thought they would be safe. However, after Germany invaded the Netherlands in May 1940, antisemitic legislation--including the order to wear the Jewish…
The Nazis frequently used propaganda to disguise their political aims and deceive the German and international public. Learn more.
Börgermoor was part of the Nazi regime’s early system of concentration camps. It was located in the Emsland region of Prussia.
The Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia on April 6, 1941. Learn about the Axis invasion and partition, collaboration, and the fate of Jewish people living in Yugoslavia.
In 1940, the Nazis established Gusen concentration camp. Learn more about camp conditions, forced labor, and liberation.
The German military played a vital role in the consolidation of Nazi power and persecution and mass murder of Jews and other groups. Learn more
The Moringen camp was one of the so-called youth protection camps that the Nazi regime established for young people who were alleged to have strayed from Nazi norms and ideals.
After WWII, prosecutors faced the challenge of assessing the guilt of propagandists whose words, images, and writings had supported Nazi brutality and mass murder.
On November 9–10, 1938, the Nazi regime coordinated a wave of antisemitic violence. This became known as Kristallnacht or the "Night of Broken Glass." Learn more
The Auschwitz camp system, located in German-occupied Poland, was a complex of 3 camps, including a killing center. Learn about the history of Auschwitz.
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