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The bodies of Jewish women exhumed from a mass grave near Volary. The victims died at the end of a death march from Helmbrechts, a subcamp of Flossenbürg. Germans were forced to exhume them in order to give the victims proper burial. Volary, Czechoslovakia, May 11, 1945.
Under the supervision of American medics, German civilians file past the bodies of Jewish women exhumed from a mass grave in Volary. The victims died at the end of a death march from Helmbrechts, a subcamp of Flossenbürg. Germans were forced to exhume them in order to give the victims proper burial. Volary, Czechoslovakia, May 11, 1945.
German civilians from Volary attend burial services for the Jewish women exhumed from a mass grave in the town. The victims died at the end of a death march from Helmbrechts, a subcamp of Flossenbürg. Germans were forced to exhume them in order to give the victims proper burial. Volary, Czechoslovakia, May 11, 1945.
Nazi Germany established the killing centers of Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka as part of “Operation Reinhard,” the plan to murder all Jews in the General Government.
Learn about the origins and legacy of Pastor Martin Niemöller's famous postwar words, “First they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out…”
At Babyn Yar in late September 1941, SS and German police units and their auxiliaries perpetrated one of the largest massacres of World War II.
Ben Ferencz investigated and prosecuted Nazi crimes and devoted his career to creating an international system of justice. Learn about his activities and impact.
The Grafeneck T4 Center was the first centralized killing center to be established by German authorities within the context of the Nazi “euthanasia,” or T4, program.
Deportation of Slovak Jews. The victims wear tags and are escorted by Slovak guards. Czechoslovakia, ca. 1942.
Laura Bush, George Bush, and Benjamin Meed during the Days of Remembrance ceremony in 2001, the theme of which was "Remembering the past for the sake of the future." Days of Remembrance was established by the United States Congress as the United States' annual commemoration of the victims of the Holocaust, just as the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum was established as a permanent living memorial to those victims.
Nazi Germany waged a war of annihilation against the Soviet Union. This included brutally treating Soviet POWs and murdering them on a mass scale. Learn more.
The Nazis used color-coded badges sewn onto uniforms to classify prisoners in the camp system and to easily identify the alleged reason for an individual’s incarceration.
The Nazis frequently used propaganda to disguise their political aims and deceive the German and international public. Learn more.
Belzec was the first of three killing centers in Operation Reinhard, the SS plan to murder almost two million Jews living in the German-administered territory of occupied Poland.
Victims of Ustasa (Croatian fascist) atrocities: the bodies of Jasenovac prisoners floating in the Sava River. Between August 1941 and April 1945.
General Dwight D. Eisenhower (center, right) views the corpses of victims of the Ohrdruf camp. Germany, April 12, 1945.
The Kielce pogrom was a violent massacre in the town of Kielce, Poland in 1946. Learn more about the events that led up to the attack and the aftermath.
Jasenovac camp complex operated between 1941-1945 in the so-called Independent State of Croatia. Learn more about conditions and prisoners at Jasenovac.
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum opened in April 1993. Explore the history of the nation's memorial to the millions murdered during the Holocaust.
Learn more about Nazi mobile killing squads (Einsatzgruppen) killing activities in the Soviet Union during World War II.
July 11, 1944. On this date, the liquidation of the "Czech family camp" in Auschwitz took place. Michael Kraus later described the event in his diary.
In January 1944, FDR established the War Refugee Board which was charged with “immediate rescue and relief of the Jews of Europe and other victims of enemy persecution.”
Learn about the history of discrimination against Roma in Europe and how the Nazi regime committed genocide against European Roma during WWII.
With help from allies and collaborators, German authorities deported Jews from across Europe to killing centers. The vast majority were gassed almost immediately after their arrival in the killing centers.
How did the United States respond to the Holocaust and World War II? Start learning today.
The Hadamar Trial of October 1945 was the first mass atrocity trial held in the US occupation zone of Germany following World War II.
Forced labor played a crucial role in the wartime German economy. Many forced laborers died as the result of brutal treatment, disease, and starvation.
When World War II ended in 1945, six million European Jews were dead, killed in the Holocaust. About 1.5 million of the victims were children.
The voyage of the St. Louis, a German ocean liner, dramatically highlights the difficulties faced by many people trying to escape Nazi terror. Learn more.
As part of the “Final Solution,” Nazi Germany organized systematic deportations of Jews from across Europe to ghettos and killing centers. Read more.
Jews were the main target of Nazi hatred. Other individuals and groups considered "undesirable" and "enemies of the state" were also persecuted.
Under the most adverse conditions, Jewish prisoners initiated resistance and uprisings in some Nazi camps, including the Sobibor killing center.
As part of the Holocaust, the Germans murdered about 90% of Jews in Lithuania. Read more about the tragic experience of Lithuanian Jews during World War II.
Yiddishe Shtime fun Vaytn Mizrekh (Jewish Voice of the Far East), Shanghai, December 1945. Includes black border notice of 5,700,000 Jewish victims. [From the USHMM special exhibition Flight and Rescue.]
Detail of an interior bridge at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum with the names of victims etched in glass. Washington, DC, 1996.
A US soldier tends to a former prisoner lying among corpses of victims at the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, near Nordhausen. Germany, after April 10, 1945.
After the liberation of the Flossenbürg camp, a US Army officer (right) examines a crematorium oven in which Flossenbürg camp victims were cremated. Flossenbürg, Germany, April 30, 1945.
Eduard, Elisabeth, and Alexander Hornemann. The boys, victims of tuberculosis medical experiments at Neuengamme concentration camp, were murdered shortly before liberation. Elisabeth died of typhus in Auschwitz. The Netherlands, prewar.
Soviet prisoners of war, survivors of the Majdanek camp, at the camp's liberation. Poland, July 1944. Second only to the Jews, Soviet prisoners of war were the largest group of victims of Nazi racial policy.
View after the obliteration of the Belzec killing center showing a railway shed where victims' belongings were stored. Belzec, Poland, 1944.
View of the village of Chelmno. To the left of the church is the Schloss, one of two sites of the Chelmno camp. The Schloss, an old country estate, served as the reception and killing center for victims until it was demolished in April 1943. Chelmno, Poland, 1939–1943.
A British soldier watches women SS guards who were forced to carry victims' corpses to mass graves. Bergen-Belsen, Germany, after April 15, 1945.
Bone-crushing machine used by Sonderkommando 1005 to grind the bones of victims after their bodies were burned in the Janowska camp. August 1944.
Columns of Soviet prisoners of war. Soviet Union, September 15, 1942. Second only to the Jews, Soviet prisoners of war were the largest group of victims of Nazi racial policy.
The German town of Hadamar housed a psychiatric clinic where almost 15,000 men, women, and children were killed between 1941 and March 1945 in the Nazi Euthanasia Program.
Brief overview of the charges against Walther Funk, economics minister and national bank president, during the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.
The Nazis established killing centers in German-occupied Europe during WWII. They built these killing centers for the mass murder of human beings.
Why did the United States go to war? What did Americans know about the “Final Solution”? How did Americans respond to news about the Holocaust? Learn more.
Treblinka was one of three killing centers in Operation Reinhard, the SS plan to murder almost two million Jews living in the German-administered territory of occupied Poland.
Prominent SS physician Josef Mengele, called the "angel of death" by his victims, conducted inhumane medical experiments on prisoners in the Auschwitz camp.
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