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An unidentified worker walks by the railroad tracks at the Im Fout labor camp in Morocco. Living conditions were harsh in the camp, and many of the workers fell ill with typhus. Im Fout, Morocco, 1941-42.
Sami Dorra working at dam construction in the Im Fout labor camp. The camp was approximately 59 miles southwest of Casablanca, and housed a group of foreign workers. Im Fout, Morocco, 1941-42.
Close-up portrait of two prisoners in the Im Fout labor camp in Morocco. The camp was approximately 59 miles southwest of Casablanca, and housed a group of foreign workers. Many of the prisoners fell ill because of poor living conditions in the camp. Im Fout, Morocco, 1941-42.
View of the dam being built by forced laborers from the Im Fout labor camp in Morocco. Photograph taken 1941-42.
A German Jewish prisoner named Rosenthal pushes a cart in the stone quarry of the Im Fout labor camp in Morocco. The camp housed a group of foreign workers, many of whom fell ill because of poor living conditions. Im Fout, Morocco, 1941-42.
Börgermoor was part of the Nazi regime’s early system of concentration camps. It was located in the Emsland region of Prussia.
25th Nazi propaganda slide for a Hitler Youth educational presentation in the mid-1930s. The presentation was entitled "5000 years of German Culture." This slide references Lebensraum (the need for living space) in German history: "Wachsende Volkszahl im fargen Nordland zwang neuen Lebensraum zu suchen. Das innerlich morsche Römerreich bricht im Ansturm der Germanen zusammen." Translated as: "Growing numbers of people in Nordland were forced to look for a new habitat. The inwardly…
The Moringen camp was one of the so-called youth protection camps that the Nazi regime established for young people who were alleged to have strayed from Nazi norms and ideals.
Learn more about the Holocaust Encyclopedia’s key terms and selected youth movements related to resistance in the smaller ghettos of eastern Europe.
In 1933, Nazi students at more than 30 German universities pillaged libraries in search of boo...
In 1939, the Nazis established the Mannschafts-Stammlager (Stalag) IX B camp in Germany. Learn more about the camp’s history, prisoners, and liberation.
Vicki Baum was a bestselling author who embraced the ideals of liberation for women. Her works were burned during the Nazi book burnings of 1933. Learn more.
In Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and French West Africa, French collaborationist Vichy authorities established a network of different types of camps: penal camps, labor camps, and internment camps. These camps included Jewish and non-Jewish European...
Erich Maria Remarque wrote the classic novel “All Quiet on the Western Front,” which became a Hollywood film. His works were burned under the Nazi regime in 1933.
Learn more about Bremen-Farge, a subcamp of Neuengamme where the majority of prisoners were used to construct an underground U-boat shipyard for the German navy.
Learn about the establishment and history of the Dachau subcamp München-Schwabing, and the role of Eleonore Baur (also known as Schwester Pia or Sister Pia).
The Uckermark camp was one of the so-called youth protection camps that the Nazi regime established for young people who were alleged to have strayed from Nazi norms and ideals.
The Oranienburg concentration camp was established as one of the first concentration camps in Nazi Germany on March 21, 1933. Learn more
The Berlin-Marzahn camp was established a few miles from Berlin's city center, for the detention of Roma, on the eve of the 1936 summer Olympics.
German General Erich Ludendorff was a key proponent of the fictitious “Stab-in-the-Back” myth which blamed Jews and others for Germany’s defeat in WWI.
The Columbia-Haus camp was one of the early camps established by the Nazi regime. It held primarily political detainees. Learn more about the history of the camp.
Paul von Hindenburg was President of the Weimar Republic from 1925 until his death in 1934. Learn more about his life and role in the Nazi rise to power.
The trauma of WWI would profoundly shape the attitudes and actions of leaders and ordinary people during the Holocaust. Learn more about the aftermath of the conflict.
Halle an der Saale was a satellite camp of Buchenwald concentration camp. It was established by the Nazis in Saxony, Germany in 1941.
The Lackenbach internment and transit camp for Roma, located in what had been eastern Austria, was a departure point for deportations to Lodz and Auschwitz.
This document is a referral slip that ordered the individual names, Samuel Hirschenhauser, to the Jasenovac camp in Croatia. June 24, 1942.
Interior of a gas chamber at the Majdanek camp. Majdanek, Poland, after July 24, 1944.
The IG Farben Case was Case #6 of 12 Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings against leading German industrialists, military figures, SS perpetrators, and others.
Twelve Hungarian Jewish physicians in the Iklad forced-labor camp. Iklad, Hungary, September 24, 1940.
Soldiers and vehicles of the Jewish Brigade Group, which participated in the final Allied offensive in Italy. Italy, March 24, 1945.
Assembly point for Poles displaced by the German Race and Resettlement Main Office (RuSHA). Sol, Poland, September 24, 1940.
Explore key dates in the history of the Theresienstadt camp/ghetto, which served multiple purposes during its existence from 1941-45.
Explore a timeline of key events during 1940 in the history of Nazi Germany, World War II, and the Holocaust.
Germany occupied Kovno, Lithuania on June 24, 1941. Within six months, German Einsatzgruppe detachments and Lithuanian collaborations had murdered half of all the Jews in Kovno. Between July and August 15, 1941, German authorities concentrated some 29,000 of Kovno's Jews into a ghetto.
Defendant Julius Streicher, editor of the racist newspaper Der Stuermer. Streicher was one of the MT brought 24 leading German officials charged by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.
An early view of the Dachau concentration camp. Columns of prisoners are visible behind the barbed wire. Dachau, Germany, May 24, 1933.
Jews assembled in the Siedlce ghetto during a deportation are forced to march toward the railway station. Siedlce, Poland, August 21–24, 1942.
Jewish women and children are transported by horse-drawn wagon during a deportation action in the Siedlce ghetto. During the liquidation of the ghetto on August 22-24, 1942, 10,000 Jews were deported to the Treblinka killing center.
Learn about the voyage and sinking of the Struma, an overcrowded and unsafe vessel carrying Jews attempting to leave Europe for Palestine in 1941-42.
The German town of Hadamar housed a psychiatric clinic where almost 15,000 men, women, and children were killed between 1941 and March 1945 in the Nazi Euthanasia Program.
Brief overview of the charges against Karl Dönitz, German navy commander in chief, during the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.
Brief overview of the charges against Hans Frank, Nazi governor general of occupied Poland, during the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.
Brief overview of the charges against Wilhelm Frick during the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. Frick was Reich minister of the interior 1933-1943.
Brief overview of the charges against Hans Fritzsche, Nazi propaganda ministry official, during the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.
Brief overview of the charges against Walther Funk, economics minister and national bank president, during the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.
Brief overview of the charges against Rudolf Hess, one of the leading German officials tried during the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.
Brief overview of the charges against Alfred Jodl, chief of the German Armed Forced High Command, during the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.
Brief overview of the charges against Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Reich Security Main Office leader, during the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.
German industrialist Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach was one of 24 leading German officials charged at the International Military Tribunal.
Brief overview of the charges against Robert Ley at the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. Ley was founder of the German Labor Front (DAF).
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